A Few Notes on Theodore Roosevelt and Wilson´s Stand in...

1. President Theodore Roosevelt was into helping other countries out and trying to make peace with them all. Roosevelt wanted the world to be stable. He felt that a country should be civilized and have economic development. Roosevelt also believed that if a country was civilized they had the right to interfere in matters of what he called a â€Å"backward† nation to reserve constancy and order. Roosevelt stopped Europeans countries from intruding Latin America which became known as â€Å"Roosevelt Corollary.† The Dominican Republic was one of the first chances that the Roosevelt Corollary could be used. Roosevelt created an American receivership distributing revenues to foreign creditors and taking control of Dominican duties. Cuba gained political independence in 1902 which the U.S. granted if they agreed to the Platt Amendment. This amendment allowed the United States to stop foreign countries from trying to capture the new nation. 2. World War I began in 1914 and was a shock to the U.S but the United States chose to stay neutral up until 1917. President Wilson wanted to stay out of European conflict. The war was helping U.S. industries in 1915 because of the demand of ammunition United States Western Allies had. For two and a half years he made no preparations for the war and kept the military small. The U.S. came up with a policy of non-interventionism that tried to negotiate peace and elude conflict. Being neutral was supported among the German Americans, Irish Americans, andShow MoreRelatedImperialism And War : American Foreign Affairs7199 Words   |  29 PagesImperialism and War: American Foreign Affairs 1865-1920 After the Civil War Americans got busy expanding internally. With the frontier to conquer and virtually unlimited resources, they had little reason to look elsewhere. 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Jd Salinger Essay - 772 Words

Salinger, J(erome) D(avid) (1919- ), American novelist and short story writer, known for his stories dealing with the intellectual and emotional struggles of adolescents who are alienated from the empty, materialistic world of their parents. Salingers work is marked by a profound sense of craftsmanship, a keen ear for dialogue, and a deep awareness of the frustrations of life in America after World War II (1939-1945). Jerome David Salinger was born and raised in New York City. He began writing fiction as a teenager. After graduating from the Valley Forge Military Academy in 1936, he began studies at several colleges in the New York City area, but he took no degree. He did, however, take a fiction writing class with Whit Burnett, an†¦show more content†¦In the early 1960s, Salinger virtually stopped writing for publication and disappeared from public view into his rural New Hampshire home. In an interview that he granted during the 1970s, Salinger maintained that he continues to write daily, and has merely rejected publication as quot;a terrible invasion of his privacy.quot; Salingers reclusiveness added to his cult status. II. Works Print section The Catcher in the Rye is narrated by Holden Caulfield, a 16-year-old boy who has just flunked out of his third private boarding school. Unwilling to remain at school until the end of the term, Holden runs away to New York City. He does not contact his parents, who live there, but instead drifts around the city for two days. The bulk of the novel is an account, at once hilariously funny and tragically moving, of Holdens adventures in Manhattan. These include disillusioning encounters with two nuns, a suave ex-schoolmate, a prostitute named Sunny, and a sympathetic former teacher who may be homosexual. Finally, drawn by his affection for his ten-year-old sister, Phoebe, Holden abandons his spree and returns home. Salingers depiction of Holden Caulfield is considered one of the most convincing portrayals of an adolescent in literature. Intelligent, sensitive, and imaginative, Holden desires acceptance into the adult world even though he is sickened and obsessed by what he regards as its quot;phonies,quot; including his teachers, parents, and his olderShow MoreRelatedJD Salinger Research Paper1671 Words   |  7 Pages Jerome David Salinger, also known as J. D. Salinger, is a fascinating author best known for his novel, Catcher in the Rye. Although Salinger only published one novel, he wrote several short stories for magazines like The New Yorker and Story. A large number of these stories went on to be compiled into books such as Nine Stories, Franny and Zooey, and Raise High the Roof Beam, Carpenters and Seymour: An Introduction. Despite the fact Salinger has not published any stories in over 45 years, his reputationRead MoreThe Catcher Of The Rye, By Jd Salinger1395 Words   |  6 PagesAme lia Biancardi Professor Signorotti English 380P 13 October 2017 Feminism in Catcher in the Rye In Catcher in the Rye, by JD Salinger, the protagonist, Holden Caulfield, has contradicting views of women along with his social status between adolescence and adulthood. He often objectifies women for their materialism and simplisticity, however at the same time he has a respect for women that most teenage boys do not. He has a dualistic way of acting toward women. He either seems socially immatureRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye by JD Salinger: A Review1887 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿The Catcher in the Rye Introduction The Catcher in the Rye, a novel by J. D. Salinger, was first published in 1951. The novel deals with the themes of identity, belonging, connection, and alienation. The protagonist, Holden Caulfield, is a cynical sixteen year-old with prematurely gray hair that makes him appear older than his age. Holden is caught at the awkward age between adolescence and adulthood as he searches for his identity. Set in the 1940s, the story begins with Holden recoveringRead MoreCommentary on The Book: A Catcher in the Rye by JD Salinger573 Words   |  2 Pagesthe police arrived and after the gun was fired, Mark David Chapman (John Lennon’s assassin) started reading lines from Salinger’s work. He recited the passage: â€Å" I keep picturing all these little kids...I’d just be the catcher in the rye and all† (Salinger 224-25). Author Daniel M. Stashower poses the message of Catcher in the Rye is the motive of John Lennons assassination; to preserve the innocence of the Beatles early work(Whitefield 174). Chapman found the notion of becoming the catcher in theRead MoreSelf-tranquility and Love in the Book A Perfect Day for Bananafish by J.D. Salinger691 Words   |  3 Pageshe suffered from Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Therefore mentally setting him back for the rest of his life. For example, through the course of the story, a reader may notice how he tends to block off most of the people who care about him. J.D. Salinger lived with a similar mindset to Seymour; he blocked off, not only his loved ones, but society overall. At the time of writing, â€Å"A Perfect Day for Bananafish,† he had an interest in Zen Buddhism. In Zen Buddhism, self-tranquility is a very strongRead MoreThe Importance of Censoring in The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger1145 Words   |  5 PagesJ.D. Salinger was an American author well known for his best seller The Catcher in the Rye, a considerably influential novel that portrayed the feelings of alienation that were experienced by adolescents in North America after World War II (J.D. Salinger Biography). Salinger’s work appeared in many magazines, including a series of short stories which inspired many new authors (J.D. Salinger Biography). His inspiration for Pencey Prep boarding school in The Catcher in the Rye stemmed from hisRead MoreArguments Against Banning Catcher in the Rye Essay1110 Wor ds   |  5 PagesThe Catcher in the Rye By: JD Salinger Why The Catcher in the Rye Should Not be Banned By: Ryan Gash By: Ryan Gash There are people who would like to see The Catcher in the Rye banned from our schools because it contains disturbing issues. In my opinion they are overlooking the message that J.D. Salinger was trying to communicate. In this novel, the characters exhibit a wide scope of behaviors from honorable to ignominious. The novel presents issues such as respect for religion, orRead MoreHolden Caulfield s The Catcher s The Rye 1331 Words   |  6 PagesAre 50’s teens able to survive the hurtful but unavoidable transition of becoming a grown up as they struggle with the changes that come along with it? JD. Salinger’s 1951 book, The Catcher in the Rye, shows us how society treated their confused and changing teenagers during their transition into adulthood. The book’s main character Holden Caulfield is being pressured into growing up even though he doesn’t feel ready, to lead an adult life. He is still struggling socially and mourning for his deceasedRead MoreCatcher in the Rye Abstract Essay1364 Words   |  6 PagesAuthor: Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger Author’s Background: J.D. Salinger was born on January 1, 1919, in New York City, New York. Jerome David Salinger was born to Sol Salinger and his wife Miriam (J.D. Salinger). Though he was a bright young man, when he attended McBurney School, he ended up flunking out and was soon after sent to Valley Forge Military Academy in Wayne, Pennsylvania (J.D. Salinger). After graduating Valley Forge, a couple years later, Salinger finally found the right schoolRead More Holdens Depression in Catcher in the Rye Essay754 Words   |  4 PagesThe Catcher in the Rye, by J.D. Salinger, portrays Holden Caulfield as a manic-depressive. Holden uses three techniques throughout the novel to cope with his depression. He smokes, drinks, and talks to Allie. Although they may not be positive, Holden finds comfort in these three things. Holden smokes a lot when he is nervous, or bored. When the stripper is in his room he noticed that she is shaking her foot as if she is nervous. He offers her a cigarette, twice. Both times she says no. Holden offers

The Pepsico Company the Quaker Oats Acquisition free essay sample

Company Overview By the end of 1999, following a multi-year restricting effort, PepsiCo had once again become one of the most successful consumer products companies in the world. In less than four years, it had achieved am 80% increase in net income, on 30% lower sales, and with 75% fewer employees. PepsiCo’s major subsidiaries were the Pepsi-Cola Company, which was the world’s largest manufacturer and distributor of snack chips, and Tropicana Products, the largest marketer of branded juices. Throughout 1999, PepsiCo was closely tracking several potential strategic acquisitions. In the fall of 2000, it appeared that the right moment for an equity-financed acquisition had arrived. At this time, PepsiCo management decided to initiate confidential discussion with The Quaker Oats Company about a potential business combination. Gatorade, a key brand in Quaker’s portfolio, had long been on PepsiCo’s wish list. On October 5, 2000, an investment-banking team from Merrill Lynch met with the top executives of PepsiCo to discuss a possible business combination between PepsiCo and Quaker. The goals of the meeting were: †¢To assess the value of Quaker’s businesses; †¢To estimate potential synergies associated with a Pepsi-Quaker merger; and †¢To come up with an effective negotiation strategy. PepsiCo executives were confident that Quaker’s beverage and snack food business could contribute to Pepsi’s profitable growth in convenience foods and beverages. However, PepsiCo’s managers, led by CEO Roger Enrico and CFO Indra Nooyi, were committed to upholding the value of PepsiCo shares, and as a result, they were determined not to pay too much for Quaker. PepsiCo’s Origin and History In the summer of 1898 Caleb D. Bradham, a young man pharmacist from North Carolina, looked for a name that would better describe the â€Å"Brad’s Drink,† his concoction of carbonated water, sugar, vanilla and kola nuts. He decided to buy the name â€Å"Pep Kola† from the local competitor, which he later changed to Pepsi-Cola, maintaining that the beverage aided in curing dyspepsia, or indigestion. In 1902, Bradham applied for federal trademark protector and founded the first Pepsi-Cola company.As a result of Bradham’s gambling on the post World War 1 price of sugar, the company went to bankrupt in 1923, and its asset were sold for $30,000. It was reorganized as the National Pepsi-Cola company in 1928, only to go bankrupt again three years later. Emerging from bankruptcy with new owners, the company’s fortunes changed suddenly in 1934. In 1965, the company merged with the Texas-based snack manufacturer, Frito-Lay, Inc. in 1970, its total food and beverage sales passed the $1 billion mark.The company, now called PepsiCo, continued to grow through the 1970s and 1980s. During this period, it used acquisitions to diversify out of its profitable, but relatively slow-growth beverage and snack businesses, acquiring North American Van Lines, a trucking company, in 1968; Wilson Sporting Goods in 1970; Pizza Hut restaurants in 1977; and the Taco Bell fast food chain in 1978. In 1984, PepsiCo was restructured to focus on soft drinks, snacks and restaurants, and the transportation and sporting goods businesses were sold.To strengthen its restaurant division, PepsiCo acquired Kentucky fried Chicken in 1986; purchased an equity interest in California Pizza Kitchen in 1992; and acquired East Side Mario’s Restaurants and D’Angelo Sandwich shop a year later. By 1995, PepsiCo sales had reached $30 billon, and it had 4 70,000 employees worldwide. It was the world’s third largest employer. Restructuring in the Mid-1990s In the mid-1990s, PepsiCo began to encounter severe problems in its international bottling operations and in its restaurant division.In August of 1996, PepsiCo’s long-time archival, The Coca-Cola Company, bought Pepsi’s largest Venezuelan bottler, and PepsiCo was left with no presence in that market practically overnight. Simultaneously, the company suffered volume and profit declines in its restaurant businesses. Between 1988 to 1994, PepsiCo had invested close to $7 billion to acquire thousands of fast food and casual dining outlets. But the operational complexity of these businesses was a tax on PepsiCo’s management. In April 1996, Roger Enrico, formerly the head of the Frito-Lay division, became the CEO of PepsiCo. He acknowledged that the company had invested ‘too much many too fast, trying to achieve heroic overnight success where, in retrospect, the odds were tougher that they seemed. † (Letter From the Chairman, 1996 PepsiCo Annual report) In the restaurant division, Enrico’s team began by divesting PepsiCo restaurant supply and distribution company and the smaller casual dining businesses. Simultaneously, the company announced plans to spin off its core restaurant businesses into a separate company. In 1997, PepsiCo combine its three restaurant businesses, Pizza Hut, KFC and Taco Bell, into a new corporate entity, Tricon Global restaurants.At the same time, PepsiCo managers embarked on a major restricting of the international beverage division. The goals of the program were to lower fixed costs, write down underperforming assets, and divest noncore businesses. Thus in 1998 PepsiCo created the Pepsi Bottling Group (PBG) with $7 billion in sales, and bottling operations in countries ranging from the United Stated to Russia. This move separated the bottling and concentrates parts of the business, and allocated responsibility for building operational efficiency to the bottling companies.Retaining a 35% noncontrolling interest, PepsiCo sold 65% of PBG’s equity in an initial public offering in 1999. The sale brought $1 billion in cash onto Pepsi’s balance sheet, and led to a significant reduction in the company’s asset base. Signaling management confidence in the new corporate strategy, PepsiCo used the cash generated by the restaurant and bottling divestitures to launch a share repurchase program. It bought back 54 million shares in 1996, 69 million shares in 1997 and 59 million shares in 1998. PepsiCo acquired the Tropicana juice business from Seagram’s for $3. 3 billion in cash. The acquisition gave the company a strong market presence in the fast-growing noncarbonated beverage segment. Compared to Pepsi’s existing businesses, Tropicana provided a lower return on assets and invested capital, but PepsiCo’s managers, especially Enrico and Indra Nooyi, the CFO, saw a great opportunity for strong margins and profitable growth if this superior brand were brought under the PepsiCo umbrella. At the time of the Tropicana acquisition, there was a perception on Wall Street that Pepsi might have paid too much. Two years later, however, the Tropicana acquisition was viewed as an outstanding success. The Quaker Oats CompanyNearly a century old in 1999, Quaker Oats was a worldwide consumer goods company with annual sales of $4. 7 billion. In addition to its hot cereals, Quaker Oats and Quaker Instant Oatmeal, the company’s portfolio of brands included Gatorade sports beverages, granola snack bars, Life and Cap’n Crunch ready-to-eat cereals, and rice-a-Roni and Near East flavored grain dishes. In 1999, Quaker was emerging from a period of restricting and refocusing of its core businesses. During the decade prior to 1999, Quaker divested businesses with more than $2 billion in revenues, or about a third of its initial asset base. In 1994, Quaker paid $1. billion for Snapple’s corporation, which sold branded juice-based beverages. Quaker then made the mistake of replacing Snapple’s distributors, and alienating the brand’s target consumers. After incurring dramatic losses, Quaker sold the business to Triac in 1997 for $300 million. Robert Morrison joined the company as CEO in 1997, and proceeded to lead the company through an impressive turnaround. By 1999, 93% of Quaker’s U. S sales came from brands holding the number-one or number-two positions in their product categories, and the company was perceived to be one of the best-managed companies in the packaged food and beverage industry.The drink was named for school’s football teams, the Gators: its introduction in the early 1970s launched the commercial sports beverage industry. Quaker acquired rights to the formula and the name in 1983. By 1999 Gatorade was well established as the world’s leading sports drinks with $1, 9 billion in global sales, and 82% of the US sports beverages market. At the time of the acquisition by Quaker, Gatorade had only to flavors on the market: orange and lemon-lime. By 1999, there were more than 20 different flavors, from Whitewater Splash to Cool Blue Raspberry. In the summer of 2000, Quaker launched vitamin-fortified flavored water called proper under the Gatorade brand umbrella in southern US markets. This new product was advertised asâ€Å"fitness water†. Finally, Quaker’s management had decided to extend the Gatorade brand into the $500 million energy bar market, which was growing at an annual red of 30%. This was a natural move, given Quaker’s core expertise in snack bar product, in the fact that nearly 70% of energy bar consumer also drank Gatorade.

Untitled Essay Research Paper A MYTHICAL ANALYSIS free essay sample

Untitled Essay, Research Paper A MYTHICAL ANALYSIS OF A YAQUI WAY OF KNOWLEDGEIn the summer of 1960, Carlos Casteneda, a UCLA anthropology pupil traveled to the sou-west to make research on medicative workss. While at a coach station, he met an extraordinary adult male. His name was don Juan Mateus, but I will mention to him as Don Juan. Don Juan, a Yaqui # 8220 ; brujo # 8221 ; or priest-doctor, decides to learn Carlos the # 8220 ; Yaqui manner of knowledge. # 8221 ; It is non known if these narratives are fiction or non-fiction and many critics still debate over his Hagiographas. I interpret his books as modern fabulous narratives for several grounds. The # 8220 ; Heroic Journey Archetype # 8221 ; and shamanistic political orientations, and besides the general lesson, explainative, and philosophical content of his Hagiographas indicate that these narratives can be viewed as # 8220 ; modern myth # 8221 ; .Throughout Casteneda # 8217 ; s narratives you can see the # 8220 ; Heroic Journey Archetype # 8221 ; . Carlos goes through a ungratified phase and interrupt ties with his surveies and professors at school. He moves frontward with the aid of don Juan, whose shamanic wisdom enlightens and ushers Carlos along his religious way. He besides faces decease many times in his pursuit to go a warrior. Finally, after many old ages, he # 8220 ; base on ballss through # 8221 ; . This fabulous original is one of the chief grounds I believe his narratives are fabulous in nature.There are besides many shamanistic idealogies that run throughout his narratives. Positions of the natural universe including works life, carnal life, and elements are all personified. Everything is embodied with spirit. Concepts of world are altered through drug induced provinces. Mushrooms and mescal are chiefly used in rites that don Juan utilizations to learn Carlos his manner of cognition: Mescalito, the # 8220 ; spirit # 8221 ; of the mescal works, indicated to wear Juan that Carlos was the # 8220 ; chosen # 8221 ; one, the individual to whom wear Juan should go through on his cognition ( CLC,87 ) . Don Juan speaks of many different liquors and separate worlds. His learning # 8217 ; s gave an account to adult male # 8217 ; s position of being and his ignorance ensuing from fond regard to the stuff world.Mythological cogent evidence is besides found in Don Juan # 8217 ; s instructions, which compare Indian folklore, mysticism, and doctrine. Don Juan explains that there are many different planes of world and that a warrior must detach himself with the assistance of an ally. Carlos # 8217 ; s ally is # 8220 ; Mescalito # 8221 ; or the spirit of the mescal works. Don Juan # 8217 ; s ally is # 8220 ; the small fume # 8221 ; ; a mixture made from hallucinogenic mushrooms. He explains that all life is made up of controlled folly and fond regard to the stuff universe causes ignorance and sightlessness. A warrior must larn to # 8220 ; see # 8221 ; and an ally helps accomplish these provinces of non-ordinary # 8220 ; seeing. # 8221 ; Don Juan # 8217 ; s instructions are closely related to Buddhist doctrine. By accomplishing these provinces of non-ordinary world a warrior learns how to populate right without any material distractions.Carlos Casteneda # 8217 ; s narratives contain many fabulous elements. # 8220 ; Heroic Archetype # 8221 ; , shamanistic ideals, and eastern philosophical ideals are merely a few. His positions of world and the religious journey to true cognition are singular. # 8220 ; For me there is merely the going on waies that have bosom, on any way that may hold bosom. There I travel, and the merely worthwhile challenge is to transverse its full length. And there I travel, looking, looking, breathlessly. # 8221 ; -Don Juan Bibliography Contemporary Literary Criticism, Vol. 12The Teachings of Don Juan: A Yaqui Way Of Knowledge Carlos Casteneda Washington Square Press Copy. 1968The Tall Candle, The Personal Chronicle of a Yaqui Indian Rosalio Moises, Jane Kelly, William Holden University of Nebraska Press Copy. 1971 A MYTHICAL ANALYSIS OF A YAQUI WAY OF KNOWLEDGE4-11-95In the summer of 1960, Carlos Casteneda, a UCLA anthropology pupil traveled to the sou-west to make research on medicative workss. While at a coach station, he met an extraordinary adult male. His name was don Juan Mateus, but I will mention to him as Don Juan. Don Juan, a Yaqui # 8220 ; brujo # 8221 ; or priest-doctor, decides to learn Carlos the # 8220 ; Yaqui manner of knowledge. # 8221 ; It is non known if these narratives are fiction or non-fiction and many critics still debate over his Hagiographas. I interpret his books as modern fabulous narratives for several grounds. The # 8220 ; Heroic Journey Archetype # 8221 ; and shamanistic political orientations, and besides the general lesson, explainative, and philosophical content of his Hagiographas indicate that these narratives can be viewed as # 8220 ; modern myth # 8221 ; .Throughout Casteneda # 8217 ; s narratives you can see the # 8220 ; Heroic Journey Archetype # 8221 ; . Carlos goes through a ungratified phase and interrupt ties with his surveies and professors at school. He moves frontward with the aid of don Juan, whose shamanic wisdom enlightens and ushers Carlos along his religious way. He besides faces decease many times in his pursuit to go a warrior. Finally, after many old ages, he # 8220 ; base on ballss through # 8221 ; . This fabulous original is one of the chief grounds I believe his narratives are fabulous in nature.There are besides many shamanistic idealogies that run throughout his narratives. Positions of the natural universe including works life, carnal life, and elements are all personified. Everything is embodied with spirit. Concepts of world are altered through drug induced provinces. Mushrooms and mescal are chiefly used in rites that don Juan utilizations to learn Carlos his manner of cognition: Mescalito, the # 8220 ; spirit # 8221 ; of the mescal works, indicated to wear Juan that Carlos was the # 8220 ; chosen # 8221 ; one, the individual to whom wear Juan should go through on his cognition ( CLC,87 ) . Don Juan speaks of many different liquors and separate worlds. His learning # 8217 ; s gave an account to adult male # 8217 ; s position of being and his ignorance ensuing from fond regard to the stuff world.Mythological cogent evidence is besides found in Don Juan # 8217 ; s instructions, which compare Indian folklore, mysticism, and doctrine. Don Juan explains that there are many different planes of world and that a warrior must detach himself with the assistance of an ally. Carlos # 8217 ; s ally is # 8220 ; Mescalito # 8221 ; or the spirit of the mescal works. Don Juan # 8217 ; s ally is # 8220 ; the small fume # 8221 ; ; a mixture made from hallucinogenic mushrooms. He explains that all life is made up of controlled folly and fond regard to the stuff universe causes ignorance and sightlessness. A warrior must larn to # 8220 ; see # 8221 ; and an ally helps accomplish these provinces of non-ordinary # 8220 ; seeing. # 8221 ; Don Juan # 8217 ; s instructions are closely related to Buddhist doctrine. By accomplishing these provinces of non-ordinary world a warrior learns how to populate right without any material distractions.Carlos Casteneda # 8217 ; s narratives contain many fabulous elements. # 8220 ; Heroic Archetype # 8221 ; , shamanistic ideals, and eastern philosophical ideals are merely a few. His positions of world and the religious journey to true cognition are singular. # 8220 ; For me there is merely the going on waies that have bosom, on any way that may hold bosom. There I travel, and the merely worthwhile challenge is to transverse its full length. And there I travel, looking, looking, breathlessly. # 8221 ; -Don JuanBIBLIOGRAPHY Contemporary Literary Criticism, Vol. 12The Teachings of Don Juan: A Yaqui Way Of Knowledge Carlos Casteneda Washington Square Press Copy. 1968The Tall Candle, The Personal Chronicle of a Yaqui Indian Rosalio Moises, Jane Kelly, William Holden University of Nebraska Press Copy. 1971 A MYTHICAL ANALYSIS OF A YAQUI WAY OF KNOWLEDGE4-11-95In the summer of 1960, Carlos Casteneda, a UCLA anthropology pupil traveled to the sou-west to make research on medicative workss. While at a coach station, he met an extraordinary adult male. His name was don Juan Mateus, but I will mention to him as Don Juan. Don Juan, a Yaqui # 8220 ; brujo # 8221 ; or priest-doctor, decides to learn Carlos the # 8220 ; Yaqui manner of knowledge. # 8221 ; It is non known if these narratives are fiction or non-fiction and many critics still debate over his Hagiographas. I interpret his books as modern fabulous narratives for several grounds. The # 8220 ; Heroic Journey Archetype # 8221 ; and shamanistic political orientations, and besides the general lesson, explainative, and philosophical content of his Hagiographas indicate that these narratives can be viewed as # 8220 ; modern myth # 8221 ; .Throughout Casteneda # 8217 ; s narratives you can see the # 8220 ; Heroic Journey Archetype # 8221 ; . Carlos goes through a ungratified phase and interrupt ties with his surveies and professors at school. He moves frontward with the aid of don Juan, whose shamanic wisdom enlightens and ushers Carlos along his religious way. He besides faces decease many times in his pursuit to go a warrior. Finally, after many old ages, he # 8220 ; base on ballss through # 8221 ; . This fabulous original is one of the chief grounds I believe his narratives are fabulous in nature.There are besides many shamanistic idealogies that run throughout his narratives. Positions of the natural universe including works life, carnal life, and elements are all personified. Everything is embodied with spirit. Concepts of world are altered through drug induced provinces. Mushrooms and mescal are chiefly used in rites that don Juan utilizations to learn Carlos his manner of cognition: Mescalito, the # 8220 ; spirit # 8221 ; of the mescal works, indicated to wear Juan that Carlos was the # 8220 ; chosen # 8221 ; one, the individual to whom wear Juan should go through on his cognition ( CLC,87 ) . Don Juan speaks of many different liquors and separate worlds. His learning # 8217 ; s gave an account to adult male # 8217 ; s position of being and his ignorance ensuing from fond regard to the stuff world.Mythological cogent evidence is besides found in Don Juan # 8217 ; s instructions, which compare Indian common people

Impression management

Impression management Introduction Impression management can be described as a process employed by most people to present themselves and control various perceptions concerning themselves. Many people apply this tool to present themselves as good people (personal branding).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Impression management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Many individuals believe that their outward appearance and personality form part of the main factors that determine how they are judged or perceived by other people. By applying impression management, individuals tend to control the way other people understand them by applying various impression management techniques. Some individuals try to be authentic and ideal in order to control outward perception (Pennington 11). In this paper, I will be tackling embarrassment situations as a topic under impression management. I will conduct several interviews with friends, relatives and colleag ues to determine their embarrassing moments and other details concerning the embarrassment. This will be done in order to address how various individuals manage their impression in embarrassing situations for social order maintenance. Theory Embarrassment is a social situation that almost everybody experiences in his or her lifetime. The difference lies on how various individuals manage the embarrassment situations that befall them (Newman 134-142). Considering the role theory of impression management, Goffman describes how various individuals act and react following various situations that call for impression management (79). Impression management applies to situations of embarrassment, self recognition, stage performance, public address and various forms of expression. In impression management, the actors strive to build, defend and sometimes maintain their social perceptions and identities through application of various settings, props and assumptions. In embarrassment situations , the assumptions and props applied are intended to work towards enhancing positive perception. The other theory concerns symbolic interactionism. In the theory, Cooley describes impression management as a tool applied in social situations to enhance social interaction and order (126). Impression management in situations like embarrassment in social occasions requires individuals involved to respond in a manner that will alleviate rather than intensify the embarrassment. Hypothesis From the theories discussed, I hypothesize that most individuals will apply tactics, props and assumptions that will build, defend and maintain their impression. Their reactions during the embarrassment moments will alleviate the situation in a manner that will enhance social order and interaction. I also hypothesize that most embarrassing situations are those that occur in a social place rather than a private place.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Ge t your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Methods In this sociological analysis, I used ‘interviewing’ as a qualitative method of data collection. I held several separate interviews with various respondents. Among those interviewed were friends, relatives as well as some colleagues. The interviews entailed discussion of the most embarrassing situations of respondents. However, I only considered five interviews from five different respondents for this analysis. I organized my data in a qualitative rather than quantitative manner as follows. Data First respondent: He was caught cheating on his wife. His wife appeared while in a restaurant having dinner with his girlfriend. Other individuals were also enjoying their meals in the same restaurant. The wife wanted to create a scene in the restaurant but due to the reactions of the husband, she was not able to accomplish her intentions. He reacted in a manner to defend and distance himself from the allegations by talking politely to his wife. Although other people were in the restaurant, he finally managed to convince his wife to calm down. Both of them went home to discuss and find solutions for the problem. Second respondent: She was caught by her friend talking ill and telling lies about her. The most worrying thing is that the two were very good friends only to realize that one of them was pretending. She felt so embarrassed following the sudden appearance of her friend. She was very apologetic to calm down the furious reaction of her friend and convinced her to organize for a discussion to resolve the matter in a more private place. Third respondent: She had a problem of stammering. One day, she was selected by her teacher to answer a question in a new class. Although she tried as much as possible to relax and give an answer, she could not control the stammering completely. Her colleagues laughed at her making her so embarrassed. The only option was to alleviate this embarrassment s ituation. Therefore, she decided to keep quiet and regain her confidence. She finally requested the teacher to let her write the answer on the board. This alleviated the embarrassment that she was to create if she could have continued talking. Fourth respondent: He was busted on a street staring at a certain lady. He did not realize until his friends informed him of the reactions of other people. Many people were looking at him in disgrace and others were laughing. Due to this embarrassment, he decided to move away from that street to alleviate the embarrassment.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Impression management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Fifth respondent: She was talking to her father and wanted to give back his money. In the process of returning money, she pulled out a condom from her pocket and was so embarrassed. She had to explain to her father about the incidence to retain her reputation. She told he r father that condom is very necessary especially in cases of rape and unwanted sex. She was quick to mention that they were given the condoms in school. Discussion The above data seems to justify my hypothesis. In embarrassment situations, many individuals will react in a way to either defend themselves or maintain positive impression to the surrounding. The data shows that the most common themes in embarrassment situations are self image, defense and social order. Considering the sociological importance of embarrassment, most individuals will strive to maintain order in a social place by defending themselves to maintain their image. They always strive to find a solution in a more private and orderly place to attract less attention from the public. Patterns evident in the embarrassing stories include denial patterns, defense patterns and acceptance with apology patterns. â€Å"’There are some other issues that concern embarrassment’. ‘They include gender and ag e’. ‘Female gender appears to be the most affected’† (Pennington 152). Given a similar embarrassing situation, female characters will feel more embarrassed than male characters. Considering age, children feel less embarrassed than middle aged individuals. However, old people appear to be less affected with embarrassment. â€Å"In the wreckage left by embarrassment lie the broken foundations of social transactions† (Gross Stone 2). This means that embarrassment is very infectious and is capable of incapacitating someone who was not previously incapacitated. Embarrassment can spread to other people who were not involved in the embarrassment scene. For instance, embarrassment situations created by an individual might as well affect his or her family members. Therefore, such ruins can only be used as foundations to restructure the social impression. Cooley, Larry. Applied Impression Management. Sage: Newbury Park, 2001. Print.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Goffman, Erving. The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. Doubleday: New York, 2009. Print. Gross, Edward and Gregory Stone. Embarrassment and the analysis of role requirements. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association, 1964. Print. Newman, David. Sociology: Exploring the Architecture of Everyday Life. 6th ed. Madison: Benchmark Publishers, 2008. Print. Pennington, Britt. Impression Regulation and Management: A Theory of Self- Identification. New York: Guilford, 2006. Print.

Geoglyphs - Worldwide Ancient Art of the Landscape

Geoglyphs - Worldwide Ancient Art of the Landscape A geoglyph is an ancient ground drawing, low relief mound, or other geometric or effigy work that was formed by humans out of earth or stone. Many of them are enormous and their patterns cannot be fully appreciated visually without the use of aircraft or drones, yet they are  found in isolated places throughout the world and some are thousands of years old. Why they were built remains a mystery: purposes attributed to them are almost as varied as their shapes and locations. They could be land and resource markers, animal traps, cemeteries, water management features, public ceremonial spaces, and/or astronomical alignments. What is a Geoglyph? A geoglyph is a human-made rearrangement of the natural landscape to create a geometric or effigy form.They are found the world over and are difficult to date, but many are several thousands of years old.They are often very large and can only be visually appreciated from high above.Examples include the Nazca lines in South America, the Uffington Horse in the UK, Effigy Mounds in North America, and Desert Kites in Arabia. What is a Geoglyph? Geoglyphs are known across the world and vary widely in construction type and size. Researchers recognize two broad categories of geoglyphs: extractive and additive and many geoglyphs combine the two techniques. Extractive geoglyphs (also called negative, campo barrido or intaglio) involves scraping away of the top layer of soil on a piece of land, exposing contrasting colors and textures of the lower layer to create designs.Additive geoglyphs (or positive or rock alignments) are made by gathering materials and piling them on the soil surface to create the design. This 365-foot-long (111 m) silhouette of a horse carved into the chalky side of a hill in the county of Oxfordshire, west of London, stands out clearly downhill from the ruins of Uffington castle. HOPE PRODUCTIONS/Yann Arthus Bertrand / Getty Images Extractive geoglyphs include the Uffington Horse (1000 BCE) and the Cerne Abbas Giant (a.k.a. the Rude Man), although scholars typically refer to them as chalk giants: the vegetation has been scraped away revealing the chalk bedrock. Some scholars have argued that The Cerne Abbas Giant- a big naked guy holding a matching club- may be a 17th-century hoax: but its still a geoglyph. Australias Gummingurru arrangement is a series of additive rock alignments which include animals effigies of emus and turtles and snakes, as well as some geometric shapes. The Nazca Lines Aerial View of Hummingbird Geoglyph, Nazca Lines. Tom Till / Photographers Choice / Getty Images The term geoglyph was likely coined in the 1970s, and it was probably first used in a published document to refer to the famous Nasca Lines of Peru. The Nazca Lines (sometimes spelled Nasca Lines) are hundreds of geoglyphs, abstract and figural art etched into part of the several hundred square kilometers of the Nazca Pampa landscape called the Pampa de San Josà © in coastal northern Peru. Most of the geoglyphs were created by people of the Nasca culture (~100 BCE–500 CE), by scraping away a few inches of rock patina in the desert. The Nazca lines are now known to have been begun in the Late Paracas period, beginning about 400 BCE; the most recent date to 600 CE. There are more than 1,500 examples, and they have been attributed to water and irrigation, ceremonial activity, ritual clearing, concepts of radiality like those expressed in the much later Inca ceque system, and perhaps astronomical alignments. Some scholars such as British archaeo-astronomer Clive Ruggles think some of them may be for pilgrimage walking- deliberately constructed so that the people could follow the path as they meditate. Many of the geoglyphs are simply lines, triangles, rectangles, spirals, trapezoids, and zigzags; others are complex abstract line networks or labyrinths; still others are spectacular humanoid and plant and animal shapes including a hummingbird, a spider, and a monkey. Gravel Drawings and the Big Horn Medicine Wheel One early use of geoglyph referred to a wide variety of gravel ground drawings at the Yuma Wash. The Yuma Wash drawings are one of several such sites found in desert locations in North America from Canada to Baja California, the most famous of which are the Blythe Intaglios and the Big Horn Medicine Wheel (built ca. 1200–1800 CE). In the late twentieth century, geoglyph specifically meant ground drawings, especially those made on desert pavements (the deserts stony surface): but since that time, some scholars have broadened the definition to include low-relief mounds and other geometric-based constructions. The most common form of geoglyph- ground drawings- are in fact found in almost all of known deserts of the world. Some are figural; many are geometric. Native American Geoglyph in Wyoming.   Christian Heeb / Getty Images Native American Effigy Mounds Some North American Native American mounds and mound groups could also be characterized as geoglyphs, such as the Woodland period Effigy Mounds in the upper Midwest and Great Serpent Mound in Ohio: these are low earthen structures made in the shapes of animals or geometric designs. Many of the effigy mounds were destroyed by farmers in the mid-19th century, so the best images we have are from early surveyors such as Squire and Davis. Clearly, Squire and Davis didnt need a drone. Plate XXXV from Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley. Great Serpent in Adams County, Ohio. Ephraim George Squier and Edwin Hamilton Davis 1847 Poverty Point is a 3.500-year-old C-shaped settlement located on the Maco Ridge in Louisiana that is in the shape of spoked concentric circles. The sites original configuration has been a topic of debate for the past fifty years or more, partly due to the erosive forces of the adjacent Bayou Macon. There are the remains of five or six concentric rings cut by three or four radial aventues around an artificially raised plaza. 3,000 Year Old Poverty Point Earthwork.   Richard A. Cooke / Corbis Documentary / Getty Images In South Americas Amazon rainforest there are hundreds of geometrically-shaped (circles, ellipses, rectangles, and squares) ditched enclosures with flat centers that researchers have termed geoglyphs, although they may have served as water reservoirs or community central places. Works of the Old Men Hundreds of thousands of geoglyphs are known in or close to lava fields throughout the Arabian peninsula. In the Black Desert of Jordan, ruins, inscriptions, and geoglyphs are called by the Bedouin tribes who live the Works of the  Old Men. First brought to scholarly attention by RAF pilots flying over the desert shortly after the Arab revolt of 1916, the geoglyphs were made of stacks of basalt, between two to three slabs high. They are classified into four main categories based on their shape: kites, meandering walls, wheels, and pendants. The kites and associated walls (called desert kites) are thought to be mass kill hunting tools; wheels (circular stone arrangements with spokes) appear to be constructed for funerary or ritual use, and pendants are strings of burial cairns. Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL dating) on examples in the Wadi Wisad region suggest they were built in two main pulses, one in the Late Neolithic about 8,500 years ago and one about 5,400 years ago du ring the Early Bronze Age-Chalcolithic. Atacama Geoglyphs Llama Caravan Geoglyphs, Atacama Desert, Northern Chile. Paul Harris / Getty Images The Atacama Geoglyphs are located in the coastal desert of Chile. There were more than 5,000 geoglyphs built between 600-1500 CE, made by moving around the dark desert pavement. In addition to figural art including llamas, lizards, dolphins, monkeys, humans, eagles, and rheas, the Atacama glyphs include circles, concentric circles, circles with dots, rectangles, diamonds, arrows, and crosses. One functional purpose suggested by researcher Luis Briones is that of identifying safe passage and water resources through the desert: the Atacama geoglyphs include several examples of drawings of llama caravans. Studying, Recording, Dating, and Protecting Geoglyphs The documentation of geoglyphs is performed by an ever-increasing variety of remote-sensing techniques including aerial photogrammetry, contemporary high-resolution satellite imagery, radar imagery including Doppler mapping, data from historic CORONA missions, and historic aerial photography such as that of the RAF pilots mapping desert kites. Most recently geoglyph researchers use unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs or drones). Results from all of these techniques need to be verified by pedestrian survey and/or limited excavations. Dating geoglyphs is a little tricky, but scholars have used associated pottery or other artifacts, associated structures and historic records, radiocarbon dates taken on charcoal from interior soil sampling, pedological studies of soil formation, and OSL of the soils. Sources and Further Information Athanassas, C. D., et al. Optically Stimulated Luminescence (. Journal of Archaeological Science 64 (2015): 1–11. Print.Osl) Dating and Spatial Analysis of Geometric Lines in the Northern Arabian DesertBikoulis, Peter, et al. Ancient Pathways and Geoglyphs in the Sihuas Valley of Southern Peru. Antiquity 92.365 (2018): 1377–91. Print.Briones-M, Luis. The Geoglyphs of the North Chilean Desert: An Archaeological and Artistic Perspective. Antiquity 80 (2006): 9-24. Print.Kennedy, David. The â€Å"Works of the Old Men† in Arabia: Remote Sensing in Interior Arabia. Journal of Archaeological Science 38.12 (2011): 3185–203. Print.Pollard, Joshua. The Uffington White Horse Geoglyph as Sun-Horse. Antiquity 91.356 (2017): 406–20. Print.Ruggles, Clive, and Nicholas J. Saunders. Desert Labyrinth: Lines, Landscape and Meaning at Nazca, Peru. Antiquity 86.334 (2012): 1126–40. Print.

Structure and meaning in literary discourse Essay

Structure and meaning in literary discourse - Essay Example (Taboada, 159) Linguistic and Literary Issue 2: Anachrony, in the form of 'flashback' or analepsis and 'flash-forward' or prolepsis, is a modern narrative technique making use of the discrepancy between the chronological order of events and the order of their presentation and "the way the revelatory analepsis is used ensures not only the structural but also the thematic unity of the narrative" in A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens. (Maglavera, 131) Linguistic and Literary Issue 3: The grammatical system presents the grammatical cohesion which is divided into "the reference [incorporating anaphora and cataphora], substitution, ellipsis and conjunction types," whereas lexical cohesion is broken down into "relations of repetition, synonymity, collocation, and other semantic relationships." (Taboada, 160) Linguistic and Literary Issue 4: A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens presents a compelling illustration of the use of repeated coordinating structure through the narrative techniques such as anachrony, collocation, cataphora, repetition and substitution which ultimately bring about coherence and cohesion in the literary discourse. As stated above, the novel A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens presents one of the most effective illu... f all, the temporal relationships between narrative and story or the relations of temporal ordering, through the use of revelatory analepsis, ensure structural as well as thematic unity of the narrative. It is most revealing to realise that "in A Tale of Two Cities most analepses refer to the thick mystery surrounding Dr. Manette's past life, the years of his imprisonment in France and the reasons for this." (Maglavera, 121) To comprehend the expert use of the other linguistic techniques of narration such as collocation, cataphora, repetition and substitution in the novel A Tale of Two Cities, it is important to consider the use of repeated coordinating structure of the novel. The introductory passage of the novel, at its best, reveals this repeated coordinating structure. Significantly, the various categories of coordinating structure in the introductory sentences of the novel "restate previously stated ideas in a new way." (Donnelly and Donnelly, 82) Here, the subordinating sentenc es expand or analyse the various ideas which were already stated at a lower level. Thus, the introductory sentences of the novel are meaningfully connected and the concepts in the subordinating sentences are reanalysed in more detailed, more specific and less abstract language. "Such sentences," Donnelly and Donnelly observe, "explain, define, or give examples of the ideas already mentioned at a higher level and treated in a more general manner."(Donnelly and Donnelly, 82) In short, the stylistic techniques such as anachrony, collocation, cataphora, repetition and substitution offer great coherence and cohesion in the narrative strategy of the novel A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens. Works Cited Donnelly, Colleen and Colleen Elaine Donnelly. Linguistics for Writers. SUNY Press.

Asian Commercial Dominance Annotated Bibliography

Asian Commercial Dominance - Annotated Bibliography Example This is politically, socially and economically. Its dominance economically is represented by countries in this continent. Singapore, Indonesia, Japan, China, India and South Korea are some of the countries that contribute to its economic stability. It is the annual GDP from these countries that has enabled the continent to compete actively with Europe. Other countries like Mongolia, Pakistan, Malaysia, Vietnam and Thailand have also grown tremendously in the economic sector. All this coupled with the minerals in some of the Asian countries ensures that it expands economically. Minerals are found in abundance in Bahrain, Qatar, United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia amongst others. This has enabled the economic exchange between this continent and many others (Levinson, p 34). The European continent has over the years held the helm in economic stability. It is ranked the highest in relation to current GDP. This position is threatened by the continued dominance of the Asian continent. Th e above mentioned countries have contributed in their own way to overall Asia’s economic dominance. China has grown steadily over the years to ensure that it is the second largest economic powerhouse in the world. It strongly competes with the nation of Japan. This is in relation to many manufacturing plants. Japan is a powerhouse for very many industrial companies all over the world. It is famous for worldwide brands that include Samsung, Toshiba, Sharp, Phillips, and LG amongst many others (Higham, p 45).

Genetic Engineering and the Law Essay Example for Free

Genetic Engineering and the Law Essay To understand the ethical implications of genetic engineering, we must first understand what genetic engineering is. Genes are units that code for specific characteristics. Such characteristics are hair and eye colour and we inherit these from our parents. It is chromosomes in the cell nuclei than enable your body to inherit features or, more specifically, it is the DNA that makes up the chromosomes that forms a unique genetic code for every human being (apart from identical twins). It is estimated that the human body has around 50,000 to 100,000 different genes contained inside, some of which have been linked to certain diseases. Scientists claim to have identified 4,000 conditions that are linked to just one fault or defect in a persons genetic makeup, which is where genetic engineering comes in. At present a project is taking place to identify the function of every gene in the human body. The Human Genome Project aims to uncover the cause for many diseases and find a cure for them. One such way, is genetic engineering. Genetic engineering, as a cure for disease, is the removal of a defective gene sequence and the remodelling of it. But this isnt the only definition given for genetic engineering. Compassion in World Farming describes it as the taking of genes from one species of plant or animal and inserting them into a completely different species. It is obvious, therefore, that genetic engineering is used for different things, in different situations. In this essay I will look at some of the varying uses genetic engineering has in todays world and the ethical implications of such uses. Genetic Engineering and the Law At present human cloning is illegal in the UK, although there are many countries were such a law does not exist. And although, technically, it may be possible to clone humans in the way animals have been, the Act of Parliament strictly forbids ever doing with human eggs what we have done with sheep eggs Dr Ron James Head of PPL Therapeutics. Nor are scientists allowed to mass produce human eggs for in-vitro fertilisation- something that many scientists have been pushing for for years. Genetically modified crops are also strictly controlled by the law. Such UK laws include: The Genetically Modified Organisms (Contained Use) Regulations 1992 and The Genetically Modified Organisms (Deliberate Release) Regulations 1992. These laws are in addition to the standard For Safety Act which specifies that food must be fit for consumption. Several government bodies have been set up to assess and regulate GM foods including ACNFP, COT, FAC and, the most important, The Department of Environment. The DOE requires tat anyone proposing a release must apply to them for consent first. It is then advised by the Advisory Committee on Release to the Environment on the granting of consents. At a European level, the Regulation on Novel Foods and Food Ingredients was introduced in May 1997 and covers labelling of foods no longer equivalent to its conventional counterparts. But despite the introduction of laws, many people are still unhappy, and are pushing for further action. For example the CIWF believe GM meat should be clearly labelled, although they also say it should not be sold in the first place. They see the genetic engineering of farm animals for food as cruel and unnecessary. But the question remains: are they right? Few people know the implications of genetic engineering and what it really involves and many are ignorant of what to expect from GM. Genetic Engineering and Animals/ Humans Everyone knows the story of the first cloned animal. The Finn Dorset sheep, known as Dolly, was the first new-born mammal to be cloned from adult cells and is a miracle for scientists the world over. She had opened many new windows of opportunity for scientists who hope to soon be able to clone humans using the same technology. The possibilities really are endless. A single cell from an elite racehorse could be used to create hundreds of identical copies, each with the same elite genetic makeup. However pleasing this heady new discovery is, there is a widespread argument over whether or not cloning is right. Is it simply a wonderful new way to develop a generation of disease-free animals and humans or is it tampering with nature and playing God? Many people see it as the answer to all problems, that screening can reveal vital information about a persons life span and health future. Genetic engineering could, in theory, identify genetic defects early on, giving time to replace the faulty gene and cure the sufferer. Predicting disease is a major use for genetic engineering and one that could change the way we live forever. At present scientist are working on a genetic test known as the GeneChip. They claim in a few years doctors will be able to take a simple mouth swab and, using the GeneChip, look through your DNA for disease prospects. Although they have come under fire from their critics, geneticists argue that anyone is entitled to know what their future holds for the health-wise. Indeed they say the information can be vital for planning out the rest of your life if, for example, you are a woman with a likelihood to develop breast cancer. Pre-natal diagnosis is also another option that could soon be open to the public. Parents could be made aware of any flaws there may be in their childs DNA and could decide whether or not to carry on with the pregnancy. Genetic engineering could also be used to grow substances like human insulin and growth hormone on a huge level. Currently scientists are looking at introducing blood-clotting genes for haemophiliacs and purifying milk from GM sheep for the treatment of cystic fibrosis. They are also hoping to study presently incurable diseases in the hope they might be able to introduce a cure using genetic engineering. There are also high hopes for animals in genetic engineering. Transgenic animals (or those that have been given a gene from another animal) have many uses. They can produce more meat and milk, feeding the starving, and they can grow faster, with the possibility of less fatty meat. They can be bred to resist disease, but also develop disease so they might be tested on for further research. A biotechnology firm in Cambridge is working on a transgensic pig that could be bred to grow desperately needed organs for transplant into human beings. The technique can also be used to knock out genes, deleting proteins so that they might prevent BSE in cows. But it isnt all good news for genetic engineering, in fact there is a lengthy and strong argument as to why it is dangerous to go to take it to these levels. Many have disagreed with the predicting of disease, saying that many people may not be able to cope with the knowledge that they may contract a terminal disease- it could ruin lives. Also there has been widespread outcry over the Association of Insurance Brokers announcement that it will not offer life insurance over i 100,100 to anyone who had taken a genetic test that had predicted fatal disease and since 1995 there has been pressure form MPs to develop a code of practise concerning genetic screening. There are also fears of employers discriminating against potential employees who have the potential for life threatening illness in later life. Although scientists hope genetic engineering will provide many choices for parents, the BMA has voiced its concerns that the industry will cause selective breeding or the choice to abort a baby because of undesirable characteristics such as physical traits. The BMA have also said people have been mislead about the power to screen for later abnormalities. It says The number of abnormalities which can be detected in this way is limited and few of the tests are conclusive. The problem many people have with genetic engineering is the risk of error that is involved. Screening is complex and it is difficult to be precise every time. Faulty diagnosis could put an end to job prospects or insurance benefits, not to mention the psychological problems arising from finding out you have the potential to contract a fatal disease.

Criminal Investigation Essays -- Crime Scene Investigation

Research Project Outline I. Crime Scene Investigation a.} Crime Scene Evidence b.} Police Evidence c.} Forensic science d.} Hazards Crime Scene Evidence II. Due Process-Search and Seizure: a.} Washington State Supreme Court a.a} Effects of Criminal investigations b.} Local Criminal Trials c.} Significance of the 4th, 5th, 6th, and 14th Amendments on Criminal Investigations d.} Probable Cause d.a} Discovery Doctrine d.b} Exclusionary Rule e.} Plain View Searches f.} Search Warrants *(ev∙i∙dence) 1. The data on which a conclusion or judgment may be based 3. Law, The documentary or verbal statements and material objects admissible as testimony in a court of law 1. Evidence: Law officials have used this term to describe any or all items that are seen, heard, or scientifically examined. This evidence is what is found and discovered from a crime. It may be what is or was found at the crime scene. It also could be pictures from a DV case, it may be a telephone recording a conversation of a crime being committed. In most cases, the physical evidence that has been identified at any crime scene gets collected. Presently, especially pertaining to violent crimes such a homicides, murders, and armed robbery, the local law officers bring in special trained law enforcement agencies. The local police and in many counties, the sheriffs, are not trained for these types of scenes. They need to call in the big guns (per say). So when the local law is called to a scene, the will investigate the scene and from that determine how to proceed to collect evidence. For example: Your neighbor, Joe the plumber, got mad about your dogs that were barking all night long. Finally got fed up with the barking and came o... ...is prepared for the trial. Within such rules falls the exclusionary rule; it is designed to stop any evidence that was obtained illegally. This rule upholds the defendants Fourth Amendment rights. References: 1. Criminal Investigation Book, Sixth Edition. Author Michael D. Lyman - pages 10-11 2. Criminal Investigation Book, Sixth Edition. Author Michael D. Lyman - pages 78 and 90 3. www.wisegeek.com/bill of rights 4. Criminal Investigation Book, Sixth Edition. Author Michael D. Lyman - pages 151 and 152 5. probable cause 6. Criminal Investigation Book, Sixth Edition. Author Michael D. Lyman - page 151 7. Criminal Investigation Book, Sixth Edition. Author Michael D. Lyman - page 619 8. Criminal Investigation Book, Sixth Edition. Author Michael D. Lyman - page 619

Coffee †Brazil Essay

The story seems to begin in Ethiopia, where the coffee berry grew wild. Goatherds there noted that goats which ate leaves and berries of the plant remained awake all night. The Arabs claim that they developed the plant during the reign of Mohammed (c675 AD). Believe that if you wish – we are going with the Ethiopian story. Consumed originally as a food, it would take on the character of a medicinal and eventually that of a social drink. The coffee tree grows to a height of 14 to 20 feet, producing (along with bright green leaves and white flowers) a berry which, as it matures, goes from green to yellow to red. Harvested red, they are placed in water so that the good berries will sink and all the debris will float. The berries are then pulped to extract the beans, there being two beans per berry, the beans having a bluish-green color. Next they are dried and cured for several weeks, becoming hard and yellow. Roasting is next, at the high temperature of 900 degrees Fahrenheit for 17 minutes, then they are stored (aged) and eventually ground into coarse granules. One is obliged to wonder how this all came about: who was the first to decide that roasting the beans would do anything good to them? The decaffeinated type of coffee is made by treating the green beans with chlorine-based solvents prior to the rest of the process. There are some 30 species of the plant, the most important being: Brazilian, Mild, Robusta (or â€Å"African†) and Arabian, the last being the predominant tree of the Americas. Discovered by Arabs traveling in Ethiopia in the 13th century, it was taken to Arabia and flourished at Mocha in Yemen, where the Arabic name for it was â€Å"qahwah† and from that word to â€Å"coffee†. It’s popularity steadily increased. In the 1500s it arrived in Turkey, and in Italy in the 1600s. About this time, establishments for preparing the drink (â€Å"coffee houses†) sprang up all over Europe. In 1714 the French succeeded in bringing a live cutting to their island of Martinique, and, from that single plant, coffee growing spread throughout Central and South America. Meanwhile, the Portuguese introduced the plant into their colony of Brazil, where it took readily. In fact, Brazil today produces 25% of the world’s coffee, and Central and South America combined produces two-thirds of the world’s supply. Since coffee grows in Java and Southeast Asia, an alternate name for coffee is â€Å"java†. Then Starbucks came along and showed how coffee could be jazzed up by adding other things to it. At a hefty price.

Letter in Response to Noelle Mcarthys Article Essay

Being different will only result in tears’ I can understand your point of view although I can’t help but disagree. Your personal experience may be true, moreover, it is only one story†¦ out of a possible 7 billion! You said that being unique will only mean you are picked on, but in my opinion this is not true as people look up to someone with a new style and it is often emulated, how else would fashions start? Perhaps one of your main points is how it is ‘instinctive ‘to blend in, follow the crowd as anything else will result in being bullied. Hans kruuk did an experiment where he marked an x on a gazelle, then release it back into the wild. This study showed the marked animal became a target and was killed every time. You then applied this to school children, saying they know it does not pay to be different. I say you cannot compare humans and animals. Animals eat each other, it is their way of life in contrast humans eat animals because we are the superior race bullying is a moral evil, not a natural evil. A group of scientists at Oxford University carried out a three-year study looking at why cats and kittens are scared of their owners, and if this is instinctive or simply developed in childhood. Their results showed that on average 90% of cats who are scared of humans were bullied as a kitten. No cat naturally tries to blend in, however it tries to make relationships. When kittens have abusive owners, it resulted in them becoming scared of all humans, as they might get hurt again. If you are a victim you become conscious and try to fit in to stop the event re-occurring, therefore this disproves your statement that ‘Every school child knows instinctively; it does not pay to be different’; this behaviour is learned. You say that no one should help someone being bullied, because they will become a target too, ‘so we keep away and we turn away when the predators pounce. ’ Lies. Front-page news headlines are often about courageous heroes who have saved someone from being bullied. Susan Dichander, a German civilian, won a Nobel peace award last year. She saved over 2,000 Jewish children effectively, being bullied by Hitler. She is now honoured to own the reward and her friends are family are so proud that she went against the majority and trusted instinct! Another statement you made was that it is better to ‘blend in’, if you look like everyone else, you will not be victimised. I say: what if you cannot change the way you look? Being the only black child in a white school would be hard, but you can’t change skin colour. Disabled people cannot blend in; if you are in a wheel chair, then there is nothing you can do to change that. To be liked is not about blending in, it’s not about what you look like, but it’s about your personality. Finally, I would like to applaud you for your article, you made some persuasive arguments but in contrast, bulling for children in 2012 is extremely different to the torment received in the 1970s. With the development of technology – Facebook, Twitter and all social networking sites ‘cyber bullying’ is a new usage. Bullies who are too scared to say something face to face, or simply do not want it to escalate into violence can send nasty messages over the internet anonymously (or so they think). This has been made a criminal offence, the police can track down where the messages are coming from, and that person may be prosecuted. You proved in your article, being different can also end in making new friends who like you for who you really are, these ‘endure’ for life – surely, that’s a difference worth celebrating.

Coldest Capital Cities of the World

Coldest Capital Cities of the World The coldest capital city in the world is not in Canada or in Northern Europe but in Mongolia; its Ulaanbaatar, with an average annual chilly temperature of 29.7 °F and -1.3 °C. How to Determine the Coldest Cities Southern capital cities just dont reach far enough south to get very cold. For instance, if you think about the southernmost capital in the world Wellington, New Zealand - images of ice and snow are probably far from your mind. Thus, the answer had to lie in the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. Searching WorldClimate.com for the annual mean of the daily (24-hour) temperature for each capital city in that area, one can find which cities are, in general, the coldest. A List of the Coldest Cities Interestingly, Ottawa, considered an extremely cold city in North America, had an average of only 41.9 °F/5.5 °C- meaning it wasnt even in the top five! Its number seven. Also interesting is that the northernmost capital city in the world- Reykjavik, Iceland- is not number one; it falls in the list at number five. Good data for the capital of Kazakhstan, Astana, just doesnt exist, but it would appear from nearby climate data and other sources of information that Astana falls between number one (Ulaanbaatar) and number three (Moscow). Heres the list, starting with the coldest. Ulaan-Baatar (Mongolia) 29.7 °F/-1.3 °C Ulaanbaatar  is  the largest city of Mongolia as well as its capital and is a destination for both business and pleasure trips. It is below zero for five months of the year. January and February are the coldest months with the temperature ranging  between -15 °C and -40 °C. The average annual temperature is -1.3 °C. Astana (Kazakhstan) (Data Unavailable) Astana is one of the strangest cities that exists, with tall futuristic-looking buildings made of shiny metal and glass rising abruptly out of the flat steppe landscape on the banks of Ishim River. It is the second largest city in Kazakhstan. Astana means the capital city in Kazakh. It was designated the capital city in 1997 and the previous name was changed to Astana in 1998. The climate is extreme. Summers can be very warm, with temperatures occasionally reaching 35 °C (95 °F) while winter temperatures can fall to -35 °C (-22 to-31 °F) between mid-December and early March. Moscow (Russia) 39.4 °F/4.1 °C Moscow is the capital of Russia and the largest city on the European continent.  It is situated on the  Moskva River. It has  the largest forest area within its borders of any other major city and is  well-known for its many parks and distinctive architecture. The winters in Moscow are long and cold, lasting from the middle of November until the end of March, with winter temperatures varying widely from -25 °C (-13 °F) in the city, and even colder in the suburbs, to above 5 °C (41 °F). In the summer the temperature ranges from 10 to 35 °C (50 to 95 °F). Helsinki (Finland) 40.1 °F/4.5 °C Helsinki is both the capital and largest city of Finland, situated on the shore of the Gulf of Finland on the tip of a peninsula and on 315 islands. The average winter temperature in January and February is -5 °C (23 °F). Given Helsinkis northern latitude one would normally expect colder winter temperatures, but the Baltic Sea and North Atlantic Current have a mitigating effect on the temperatures, keeping them somewhat warmer in the winter, and cooler during the day in the summer. Reykjavik (Iceland) 40.3 °F/4.6 °C Reykjavik is Icelands capital and largest city. It is located in southwestern Iceland on the shore of Faxa Bay and is the worlds northernmost capital of a sovereign state. Like Helsinki, temperatures in Reykjavik are affected by the North Atlantic Current, an extension of the Gulf Stream. The temperatures are warmer in the winter than would be expected by the latitude, rarely falling below -15 °C (5 °F), and the summers are cooler, with temperatures generally ranging between 10 and 15 °C (50 and 59 °F). Tallinn  (Estonia) 40.6 °F/4.8 °C Tallinn is the capital and largest city of Estonia. It is located at the northernmost part of Estonia on the shore of the Gulf of Finland. It was first established in medieval times but is now a mix of ancient and modern. It has the distinction of being dubbed the Silicon Valley of Europe and has the highest number of startups per person in Europe. Skype, for example, got its start there. Due to its location on the coast and mitigating effect of the sea, the winters are cold but warmer than one would expect for the latitude. February is the coldest month, with the average temperature being -4.3 °C (24.3 °F). Throughout the winter, temperatures are close to freezing. Summers are comfortable with temperatures during the day between 19 and 21 °C (66 to 70 °F). Ottawa (Canada) 41.9 °F/5.5 °C In addition to being its capital, Ottawa is the fourth largest city in Canada, most educated, and has the highest standard of living in Canada. It is in southern Ontario on the Ottawa River.  Winters are snowy and cold, with an average January minimum temperature of -14.4 °C (6.1 °F), while summers are warm and humid, with an average July maximum temperature of 26.6 °C (80 °F).

Surveying and the Role of the Surveyor

Surveying and the Role of the Surveyor In its broadest sense, the term surveying encompasses all activities that measure and record information about the physical world and the environment. The term is often used interchangeably with geomatics which is the science of determining the position of points on, above or below the surface of the earth. Humans have been undertaking surveying activities throughout recorded history. The oldest records indicate that the science began in Egypt. In 1400 BCE, Sesostris divided the land into plots so taxes could be collected. The Romans also made significant developments in the field with surveying a necessary activity in their extensive building works across the empire. The next period of major advancement was the 18th and 19th centuries. European countries needed to accurately map their land and its boundaries, often for military purposes. The UK national mapping agency, the Ordnance Survey was established at this time and used triangulation from a single baseline in the south of England to map the entire country. In the United States, the Coast Survey was established in 1807 with the remit of surveying the coastline and creating nautical charts in order to improve maritime safety. Surveying has progressed rapidly in recent years. Increased development and the need for precise land divisions, as well as the role of mapping for military requirements, have led to many improvements in instrumentation and methods. One of the most recent advances is that of satellite surveying or Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), more commonly known as GPS. Many of us are familiar with using sat-nav systems to help us find our way to a new place, but the GPS system also has a wide range of other uses. Originally developed in 1973 by the US military, the GPS network uses 24 satellites at an orbit of 20,200 km to provide positioning and navigation services for a range of applications such as air and sea navigation, leisure applications, emergency assistance, precision timing, and providing coordinate information when surveying. The advances in air, space, and ground-based surveying techniques are in part due to the great increase in computer processing and storage capacity that we have seen over recent years. We can now collect and store vast amounts of data on the measurement of the earth and use this to build new structures, monitor natural resources and help develop new planning and policy guidelines. Types of Surveying Cadastral Land Surveys: These are related to land surveys and are concerned with establishing, locating, defining or describing the legal boundaries of land parcels, often for the purpose of taxation. Topographic Surveys: The measurement of land elevation, often with the purpose of creating contour or topographic maps. Geodetic Surveys: Geodetic surveys locate the position of objects on the earth in relation to each other, taking into account the size, shape, and gravity of the earth. These three properties vary depending on where on the earths surface you are and changes need to be taken into account if you wish to survey large areas or long lines. Geodetic surveys also provide very precise coordinates that can be used as the control values for other types of surveying. Engineering Surveying: Often referred to as construction surveying, engineering surveying involves the geometric design of engineering project, setting out the boundaries of features such as buildings, roads, and pipelines. Deformation Surveying: These surveys are intended to ascertain whether a building or object is moving. The positions of specific points on the area of interest are determined and then re-measured after a certain amount of time. Hydrographic Surveying: This type of surveying is concerned with the physical features of rivers, lakes and oceans. The surveys equipment is on board a moving vessel with follows pre-determined tracks to ensure the entire area is covered. The data obtained are used to create navigational charts, determine depth and measure tide currents. Hydrographic surveying is also used for underwater construction projects such as the laying of oil pipelines. Working as a Surveyor At present, the UK suffers from a shortage of qualified land / geomatics surveyors and many organizations have struggled to recruit over recent years. In the UK, a graduate surveyors starting salary usually ranges between  £16,000 and  £20,000. This can rise to  £27,000 -  £34,000 ($42,000-$54,000) once chartered status is achieved. Chartered status is gained from either the Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors or the Chartered Institute of Civil Engineering Surveyors. A Masters degree is useful but not essential. Postgraduate qualifications also allow the opportunity to specialise in a specific area of the industry such as geodetic surveying or geographical information science. Entry to the industry with a foundation degree or Higher National Diploma is possible at lower levels such as assistant surveyor or in a related technician role.

Managing a diverse workforce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words - 1

Managing a diverse workforce - Essay Example Understandably, it does not take long for an organization to be subjected to drastic pandemonium when the issues born due to a diverse workforce are not brought into account and analyzed by the management. This essay is basically based on evaluating what evidence literature has to present on the issue of managing a diverse workforce and how correct management holds the potential to influence an organization. The managers in an attempt to save their business from falling prey to mismanaged workforce issues should invest more time in applying the proper diversity and inclusion management techniques as research claims that it not only enhances the company’s market share, but also creates â€Å"a satisfied diverse customer base by relating to people from different backgrounds† (Andrade 2010). It is an established reality that diversity can be readily used by any company as means of strategic advantage in many ways. When managers make efforts to respect diversity by hiring e mployees from varying backgrounds, the society gets the message that the organization does not discriminate against any community and a respect is born for that organization which helps both in terms of financial progress and customer loyalty. Research stresses that in comparison to other countries, the US has a great deal of cultural diversity and it is claimed that the workplace should be taken seriously by managers as it is that place where â€Å"culturally diverse, first generation employees attempt to immerse and make the transition into the American culture† (Botbol 2012). Cultural diversity in America has influenced workplace atmosphere both for better and worse. While some positive effects of cultural diversity include but are not limited to variety of cultural, social, and religious perspectives, and the resulting competitive advantage for the organizations, the negative effects include nasty arguments, occasional racist conflicts, and increased load of training and education of the employees on the employers. Though it is common to see conflicts in any organization where there is a diverse workforce, but resolving such issues through the process of conciliation and ensuring multiple ways of communication together help to control the chaos before it gets out of control. In this way, the people involved in a conflict get a chance to communicate different intricate and often hideous issues encountered by them to their managers. When both parties, the troubled workforce and impartial management, sit down to talk the matter through and inviting each other to propose creative solutions, any complicated condition is resolved most of the times in a facilitated manner. Whenever people from diverse backgrounds get together under different conditions to work for a same company, there is high chance of a cultural shock and in order to save a workplace from being adversely affected as a result of it, the managers should play an active role in helping their employees overcome their biases and understand each other’s cultural beliefs. Culture shock is almost inevitable when people used to one way of living are exposed to a different culture at a workplace.

Discuss how The Heart of Darkness reflects the paradoxes of Essay

Discuss how The Heart of Darkness reflects the paradoxes of imperialism in the late 19th century - Essay Example The first paradox of Heart of Darkness refers to how the civilising mission of imperialism resulted to the dehumanisation of the colonisers. When waging imperialism, Europeans asserted their moral, social, and intellectual ascendancy, as they aimed to civilise all that is brute and different from their culture. Conrad shows, however, that the Western imperialist man has lost his heart to the darkness of imperialism. Maritime Hennard Dutcheil De La Rochere argues that Conrad uses the body of Africa as a trope for the ironic effects of European civilisation on colonised countries. De La Rochere asserts: â€Å"†¦[the] central idea†¦ the civilising mission [is] a spiritual and moral cure, is radically undermined through an ironic literalisation of the trope†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (186). Imperialism sees itself as a cure, which must be directly applied to the heart of Africa to cure it of its backwardness. The paradox is that the cure harmed the â€Å"doctors† too. In the case of Kurtz, he became consumed of his desire for wealth, so that he would be worthy of his Intended. Imperialism, nevertheless, does not cure the uncivilised, but destroys the civilised and their notion of morality. Kurtz engages in immoral acts of waging wars with other tribes to acquire their ivories. Ivories are expensive; they are the symbols of wealth and power. The concept of a new life whets Marlow’s appetite for adventure and fortune too. Despite the skirmish with the natives, he desires to see Kurtz to find out the truth. When he learns the truth, he regrets it. Imperialism stains people’s very core, their very soul. William Atkinson argues the horror of imperialism (374) that Conrad criticises. Wealth and power consumes Kurtz’s humanity. He is sick, not only because of living in a strange land, but more so because of the sickness of being an imperialist tool for human exploitation. The horror that captivates his last moments on earth is his horror and the horror of every European who sets foot on foreign lands to abuse the natives and their resources. The second paradox is that imperialism do not truly civilise the natives, but produces the counter-effect of large-scale dehumanisation that mars both native and Western civilisations. Dehumanisation occurs because of racial prejudice. Hunt Hawkins believes that Conrad criticises imperialism’s goals and means. When Marlow gets the first glimpse of the company's chief accountant’s clean appearance, he appreciates it as a â€Å"miracle† (Conrad 15). The miracle is an unsound image because miracles are holy. Later, as the accountant makes â€Å"correct entries of perfectly correct transactions† (Conrad 16), with the sick agent on his bed and a few feet away, Africans suffer in â€Å"grove of death† (Conrad 16), Conrad is disgusted. A clean outer experience does not have meaning when inside it is a cold soul. Another form of dehumanisation can be seen in t he effects of imperialism. Instead of curing people, Europeans impregnated them with capitalist ideas that destroyed their collectivist way of life. De La Rochere underscores that the â€Å"†¦embodiment of the jungle emphasises the human suffering this ‘civilising mission’ inflicts† (186). Instead of developing the minds and virtues of the natives, the whites only corrupted them with their materialistic and individualistic concerns

Legal Scenarios Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Legal Scenarios - Case Study Example Parties to a contract of employment cannot alter the nature of the contract by simply putting a label on it. In this scenario, ‘indicia’ conspicuously balance the relationship in favor of an employment. To begin with, the level of control exerted by Big Time over Glenn suggests an employee. The more the control exercised by one party over the other, the more the relationship weighs in favor of a contract of services. The exercise of control over the way in which work is carried out, and degree of such control are to be examined and applied as prominent distinguishing factors (Abdalla, Abraham v. Viewdaze Pty Ltd (2003)122 IR par. 23). The control test looks not only whether it is the employer who dictates what is to be done, but also the means of doing it, when it is to be done and where it is to be done (Employment Status, p.9). Big Time exercises great control over Glenn, in that it dictates the destination of the products, while Glenn is required to follow instruction s. The second ‘indicia’ relates to the right to delegate. In Express and Echo Publications Ltd v. Tanton [1999] IRLR 367, the court held that a wide power of substitution is inconsistent with a contract of services. The general rule is however not absolute. ... y, Sargeant and Jefferson, 2013, p.17).In this scenario, Glenn has a limited power to delegate given that he must seek prior consent from the management of Big time. The manager was not obliged to accept every request, and could, therefore, dictate when Glenn could delegate. The third indicium rests to the fact that Glenn used his own truck and tools to do the work. Where an employee provides his own tools of trade, the relationship is more likely to be one for services (Abdalla, Abraham v Viewdaze Pty Ltd). Nevertheless, not every instance that an employee provides their own tools that the balance tilts in favor of independent contractors. In Hollis v Vabu Pty Ltd (2001) 207 CLR 21 the court considered that bicycles that the workers provided are not tools that could be used exclusively for the courier work that they had been contracted. Similarly in this scenario, a truck cannot be used exclusively for delivery of fresh produces exclusively. However, it is material if Glenn had adap ted the truck for delivery purposes only. The fourth ‘indicia’ arise from the fact that Glenn is required to make his own arrangements for taxation purposes. If the employer deducts tax on a PAYE basis, it is an indication of a contract of services. It follows that where the worker makes his own tax arrangements, the relationship is more likely to be one of an independent contractor. However, not all relationships where the worker makes his own tax arrangement are a contract for services as in Federal Commissioner of Tax v J Walter Thompson (1944) 69 CLR 227. Finally, the other indicia concern the bearer of a financial risk in case of a loss. Where the employer bears the risk of any financial loss or injury that arises in the course of the worker discharging his duties, the contract is

Relationship Of Employee Voice And Employee Performance

Relationship Of Employee Voice And Employee Performance Human resource is a very essential part of any company and the people within the company play a very important role. This paper aims at analyzing the relationship of employee voice in an organization and the employee performance. The paper will firstly deal with the various methods that the employees can express themselves and be heard. This will be followed by the importance of employee voice, and the various views that have been presented by authors about the importance. A thorough analysis of the impact of employee voice on the performance has also been made. Employee Voice: Over the years, there has been a high interest in the notion of employee voice both in terms of higher levels of performance and also better employee representation (Beardwell 1998, Sako 1998, Benson 2000; Roche, 2000). There has been a vast amount of literature that has been set down on the topic of Voice. A study by Professor Margaret has highlighted that collective voice achieves what the lone voice could never do: it humanises and civilises the workplace, arguing that collective representation is the foundation of a partnership relationship that brings positive benefits for business (Prosser, 2001). There have been several different meanings that have been set down for the term Employee voice. Each definition and explanation of the terms has provided a different view on the purpose and underlying meaning of employee voice and the need of one rather than an individual voice. For an organisation to develop and be successful it is essential there is a freedom to speak and participat e for all employees. The twentieth century has seen numerous initiatives to involve employees and has also tried to promote better performance. According to Lavelle, Gunnigle and McDonnell, have defined employee voice as, as any type of mechanism, structure or practice, which provides an employee with an opportunity to express an opinion or participate in decision-making within their organization (Lavelle, Gunnigle and McDonnell, 2010). Employee voice can be distinguished into two main types, Direct Voice: this refers to any mode of mechanism where the employees can directly involve and work with the management in various aspects like their jobs. Work environment, teams, appraisal systems, and even the meetings between the employees and the managers. Here most of the involvement of the employees is through the individual themselves rather than via any other intermediate. Indirect Voice: This form of voice is one where there is a collective employee representation and these include representation like trade unions, non union structures of collective representations like work councils, and consultative committees. There are several different mechanisms that are available for employee voice within an organization. According to the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development, the various mechanisms of employee voice can be classified into two main headings, a) Upward Problem Solving and b) Representative Participation. These two also fall into the above categories that have been discussed, i.e. direct and indirect voice. The CIPD has also brought out the various mechanisms that are complementary to employee voice and these are as discussed below: Upward problem-solving or Direct Method: This refers to any technique that is adopted by the managers to gain the ideas of the employees and also to gain an opinion of the employees, This allows for a two way communication and it encourages the employees to participate by setting up through communication systems. Here the communication is more between the individual employee and the managers rather than with any kind of representatives. There are numerous methods and techniques that can be used to allow this form of communication. One of the first methods that can be used is the Electronic media. This allows disseminating and also permits for ideas to be shared and provided using an online medium. Here as compared to the face to face medium, there is very less interaction and all questions and proposals are sent out using emails. The other form of communication is a two way communication, where the staff and managers can get together and discuss their views and opinions on various is sues. These are mostly in the form of regular meeting and these not only allow for improved issue management but also work on the improvement of performance of the team as such. Here employees can suggest problem solving for issues that are faced or even discuss ideas to improve the processes. Another very famous and presently adopted method is the suggestion schemes. These allow the people to discuss and make suggestion and contribute to the growth of the team. Here however there are incentives for the contributors if the suggestions are accepted and implemented. Another very effective form of encouraging the employee voice is using questionnaire surveys. Here the company can discover the levels of satisfaction of the staff particularly in terms of work and work environment. This is a very strong way of increasing the employee voice and being able to reach out to the employees. Another effective manner of direct communication includes the project teams. Here a group of people can b e brought together on a regular basis and the team can work on discussion of the quality of work within the organization. Representative Participation or Indirect Method: This form as mentioned is more of an indirect method. Here there is no interaction between the individual employee and the managers however are more based on the employee representative and the managers. A few of the possible methods that are used in companies include as follows. The partnership scheme is one where an emphasis is made on a mutual gain and a mutual gain and a tackling the issues and problems in a cooperative manner. Another form is referred to as joint consultation. This has been expressed as, to consider issues that are deemed to be of common interest or of key importance to the parties (CIPD, 2010). Also the last form is the collective representation. This is where employees negotiate and work together work towards the pay. Here they act as employee representatives. These mechanisms only permit a better chance for the employees to voice their requirements. There is a high need for the employee voice to be heard and these have a major impact on the performance of the company and the employee themselves. The next section will deal with the impact of providing employees with a chance to have their voice heard and how it would affect the working and performance of the employees. Impact on Employee Performance: As said very rightly by Dulewicz (1989), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ a basic human tendency to make judgements about those one is working with, as well as about oneself. It is noted that appraisals are inevitable and is universal. People evaluate how well a job is done to set performance standards. The process was linked to the material outcomes, i.e. if an employees performance is to less than ideal then there would be a cut in pay, however if the performance was better than the ideal level set by the supervisor, then there would be a rise in pay. In the current situation the definition of employee contribution is not only dependent on the output i.e. the end results achieved but also depends on the inputs by the employee i.e. what the employee is willing to contribute to the business. Several studies have highlighted that the performance of employees is based not only on the level of pay that they receive but also equally on the level of motivation which in turn is related directly to the level of motivation of the employees. The performance of a company and its relationship with the employee voice has been a topic of high debate over the last decade. The voices of the employees of a company affect the performance of the company directly. Performance here is in terms of two mains aspects, a) the employee performance and b) the company performance. These are inter related in a way that the better the employee performance the better will be the company performance. Human Resource Management mainly aims at ensuring that all aspects of employees from recruitment to retention are taken care of. The HR team would take all necessary steps to ensure that the employee performance is better. The HR has a very clear and very big affect on the performance of the company and t he employees, as they bare in some form a major point of contact for the employees (Boselie, Paauwe and Jansen, 2000). The HR has a direct influence on the performance of the company. Since the HR is responsible for recruitment and selection of the employees, it is completely dependent on the HR teams to select employees who would perform, also they are the ones who need to ensure that the employee needs and voice are heard and met and should also support the managers and the top management to encourage and hear the voices of the employees. This is mainly because employee performance is directly related to the needs of the employees and if an employee is not heard the employee can feel disheartened which would cause levels of distress. According to Beale (1994) employee involvement represents, a significant challenge to the traditional influence of trade unions in the workplace. Employee involvement programmes provide an alternative source of information, ideas and interpretation of workplace experiences, an alternative to that provided by the union. Employee involvement programmes actively promote a new culture in competition with the traditional explanations and culture communicated by the union (Beale, 1994). It is also essential to understand that irrespective of how much the management might try to avoid any form of unions or representative participation, the level of commitment is not seen to have increased. In the current times employees prefer to have a representative participation, i.e. part of unions, and other representative structures. Hence when a company does not allow or pay head to the employee voice through the indirect measures, it is seen that there is also a clear reduced commitment to work and lowered levels of motivation. It has also been explained by Storey and Sisson (1994), highlight the same point and explain that the enhanced worker commitment will reduce directly if the management attempts to overlook the unions and try to go in for a direct form of contact with the employees. Ackers, Marchington, Wilkinson and Dundon (2003) explain, On the other hand, where unions stand outside the EI [Employee involvement] initiative, their indifference or hostility may be a maj or reason for its failure. Social partnership theory suggests that union involvement can make EI [Employee involvement] work better, for both management and employees. The main intension of any firm is to have high performance working within the organization. Having high performance working in an organization is in a number of ways the opposite of the employment practices set down by Taylor. CIPD explain high performance working as, HPW can be characterised as everything that Taylorist employment practices are not. This is an unfair reflection on the substantial influence of F W Taylor on management thinking in the early part of the last century. However, HPW is the diametrical opposite of employment strategies based on short cycle times, skill minimization and one right way. This approach is appropriate to the high volume repetitive working usually associated with products and services sold on the basis of low cost and narrow range. HPW is better suited to product and service sectors that are at least concerned with mass customization and more often designed to meet the needs of individual customers (CIPD, 2010). Several authors over the years have provided several different views and notions on the topic of the relationship between employee voice and employee performance. Several authors also concentrate more on the direct voice effect. It has been studied that direct employee voice is relatively much more effective and than the indirect employee voice and shows higher, better and enhanced performance outcomes. Heller (1998) observed that high degrees of influence sharing are associated with a better quality and effectiveness of decisions and a significant reduction in the underuti ­lization of peoples experience and skills (p. 1439). Also Cotton et.al (1988) explains that in the case of direct voice, the employees tend to feel more satisfied and also gain a feel of involvement in the decision making. They also explain that when the employee influence is high, there is a higher level of group cohesion and the level of commitment to those decisions is noted to be enhanced and improved. In another research conducted by Bryson, Willman, Gomez, and Kretschmer (2007), the hypotheses has highlighted that there is a strong link between employee voice and HRM. This as mentioned earlier also has a direct impact on the employee and the performance of the employees. A research conducted by Freeman and Medoff (1984) and adapted Hirschmans (1970) model. Hirschmans (1970) model of exit voice has been the base of the research by Freeman and Medoff and this has mainly be done to link the union voice, higher levels of productivity and lower quit rates. Kim, MacDuffie Pil, (2009), explain, Without collective voice through the agency of worker representation, employees lack the incentive to pursue public goods, such as enhanced working conditions and workplace policies that affect the well-being of all employees, for example, grievance and arbitration procedures, just cause for discipline and discharge, and seniority clauses (Batt et al., 2002) (Kim, MacDuffie Pil, 2009). Conclusion: Based on the research and the extensive discussion that has been presented above, it is clear that the various researches that have been presented in the past it is clear that the relationship between the employee voice and productivity is ambiguous. Kim, MacDuffie Pil, (2009), explain, Union presence may lower labor productivity via restrictive work practices or lower firm investments due to lower firm profitability. On the other hand, it has also been noted that the union voice can also be associated with the adversarial relations within the industries and the if there is no clear flow of information between the workers and the management, there is also a clear lack of complete diversity in terms of the input of the workers. There have also been other findings from studies by Brown and Medoff, which suggest that the unions have a close relationship with the employee morale, needs, motivation and also cooperation (Metcalf, 2003). There have thus been several positive and negative v iews on this topic and there has not been any clear evidence on the certainty of the effect of employee voice on employee performance.