Carpal tunnul syndrome essays

Carpal tunnul disorder papers Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Caused By the Use of Computers Since we are nearly into the twenty first century it is turning out to be clear how our reality has advanced innovatively. The vast majority of the innovation which we have encountered depends on or identified with PCs. PCs have been effective devices in making our lives a lot simpler. shockingly, there has been a sensational ascent of dull Strain Injuries over the most recent six years, one of which is Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. It was over the most recent six years that PCs started to assume control over our correspondence frameworks, which are what we blossom with, in this manner more individuals have been utilizing PCs and utilizing them more reliably than found previously. Luckily, Repetitive Strain Injuries (RSI) are not much, so it is profoundly improbable that innovation will be switched as a result of them, anyway progressively mechanical headway may be troublesome if something isn't done to treat RSI and Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) is a typical kind of RSI. CTS is a condition that impacts the hands and wrists. The condition happens by pressure being put on the middle nerve where is goes to the hand through a hole called the carpal passage. This hole lies under the transverse carpal tendon, which is situated at the front of the wrist. The middle nerve is the thing that conveys tangible and engine data structure the thumb and fingers to the muscles in the hand. The weight that is put on the middle nerve is the thing that causes the nerve harm. This causes the desensitizing, shivering, consuming agony in the wrist, hand and fingers. Despite the fact that it has been demonstrated that monotonous weight on all fours is the thing that prompts Carpal Tunnel Syndrome there are likewise different adds to the condition. Different components that can add to CTS are, pregnancy, thyroid sickness, and oral contraceptives, or anything that makes strands swell in the passage territory. Poor stance, when composing, puts... <!

Website evaluation for a destination Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Site assessment for a goal - Essay Example The text dimension and shading mix was not all that great. Here we can have an equivalent topic of heading. Each heading in the website page has diverse shading that gives the feeing of interruption to the users. 14 Agreeing to a large portion of the poll respondents the site route is acceptable. In this site we have an away from of our quality in the site. Here we have legitimate and practical hyperlinks that offer us the capacity to explore through the entire site in a successful way. 14 Electronic data stages are planned for offering the individuals important data about the applicable territory or subject. The human PC based investigation offers the ability to weigh up and survey these frameworks working and execution with respect to their collaboration to clients. This examination and investigation based report will likewise offer profound and extensive outline of the site assessment through the human PC communication rules. This site is an E-Tourism site that has a place with Bangladesh. It is an official site of Bangladesh Government for the travel industry and its online location is: www.bangladeshtourism.gov.bd. The primary expectation of this exploration is to assess this site in regards to its plan, substance, ease of use and intuitiveness to improve things and powerful framework advancement that can viably communicate with its crowd. The subject of Humanâ€computer connection manages the examination of the communication among individuals and PC. In this worldview we break down how we can fabricate a framework (site) that can offer better help and office during the utilization of framework. This subject examines the client brain research, practices and builds up the framework or structures the site that is skilled to meet the client assumptions about framework working. Site assessment for better plan, substance, ease of use and intelligence is fundamental zone that designer needs to address while building up a site for the client. Human PC connection rules based assessment process is

Selection begins

Selection begins This afternoon, we began early action selection for the Class of 2010. As is my custom, I wore a tie today, out of respect for the applicants and the difficult decisions we make in selection. This year, we received 3098 applications, up about 10% from early action last year. This will, undoubtedly, make selection even more difficult this year. I can tell already that this will be a very tough year of MIT admissions. The quality of applicants is astonishing. Basically, selection works like this. Weve spent a month reading and crafting great summaries of your applications, and now we take those summaries and work from them. We do selection in subcommittees, usually of three people. Each subcommittee will take each case in random order, read aloud the summary, check out the coursework and grades, and then have a discussion about that applicant. Things are by consensus we have everyone on the subcommittee agree what the right action (admit, defer, deny) is. Because we have a clear idea of qualities we are looking for in MIT students, we can usually reach consensus after a bit of discussion without needing to resort to a formal vote. In the very rare occasion where we cant reach consensus, we put the application back in the stack for another subcommittee to decide on. Then we take the next case and repeat the above, iterated over all of the different subcommittees, which are intentionally randomized each half day or so. Selection will continue through the weekend. Well mail decisions out in about a week. Sorry, we wont have decisions available by email, web, or phone. Tonight, Ill take a little breather from the tough work of selection to eat some soup dumplings and finally see Harry Potter. The winter is a great time for movie-going!

Book Summary the Bible Among the Myths by John N. Oswalt...

ABSTRACT John Oswalt, in his book The Bible Among the Myths, presents his position to the reader that the bible is different and separate from other writings of the Ancient Near East. He asserts the Bible is both historically accurate and theologically sound. He makes the defense the Bible was divinely inspired and revealed to humanity and unique from other Ancient Near East literature. There was a time when the Bible, and the Israelite religion was different from its neighboring societies. But as times have changed, many people now lump the bible with other Ancient Near East myths. The book is broken up into two sections. The first half of the book, â€Å"The Bible and Myth,† Oswalt takes the time to define what a myth is and what†¦show more content†¦The premise of chapter one is the Bible has had a major impact on the world, especially with its contributions to Greek philosophy and thought. Greek philosophers believed there was one â€Å"unifying principle i n the cosmos† (21) and that everything could be identified and reasoned with through logic. As Oswalt states, this brought into conflict the thought of a myth based polytheistic society to a monotheistic mindset. Oswalt states that the Hebrew thought survived through the exilic period in Assyria and Babylon even though they were in direct conflict with the societies in which they were captive. Israel brought into these societies the thought that there was only one God and He was the creator of the world and humanity. In addition, Oswalt states the Israelites brought the unique ideas that God was not dependent upon humanity but himself and that God revealed himself to humanity and gave them specific understandings of what he expected from his people. It was only by God’s design that the people of Israel were able to maintain their religion in a foreign land. Greek and Hebrew thoughts combined into a complementary way of thinking about the universe and the world. The Hebrew religion of one creator who created the world found a place in the Greek philosophy of a unifying principle to the universe. On the other hand, Greek philosophy could combine itself by to Hebrew ideas byShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Bible Among the Myths Summary3696 Words   |  15 PagesSUMMARY OF JOHN N. OSWALT’S BOOK THE BIBLE AMONG THE MYTHS David Strickland Old Testament Introduction - OBST 590 June 1, 2013 Introduction The author, John N. Oswalt, was first introduced to the subject of this book in his seminary studies in the 1960s. Oswalt introduces his book with a narrative of the similarities and differences that exist between the Old Testament and the literature of the Ancient Near East. Prior to the 1960s scholars believed that the Old Testament was unique and didRead MoreAncient Eastern Thought and the Old Testament Essay10692 Words   |  43 PagesLIBERTY UNIVERSITY THE BIBLE AMONG THE MYTHS JOHN, N. OSWALT A SUMMARY PAPER OF THE TEXT ANCIENT NEAR EASTERN THOUGHT AND THE OLD TESTAMENT SUBMITTED TO DR. RANDY G. HANEY DEPARTMENT OF THEOLOGY BY 03 MARCH 2013 Table of Contents CHAPTER 1: HISTORY AND METHODS 3 CHAPTER 2: COMPARATIVE STUDIES, SCHOLARSHIP, AND THEOLOGY 6 CHAPTER 3: SUMMARY OF THE LITERATURE OF THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST 10 CHAPTER 4: THE GODS 14 CHAPTER 5: TEMPLES AND RITUALS 19 CHAPTER 6: STATE AND FAMILY

The Drought Of The Western United States - 1448 Words

WP 4 The drought in the western United States is a nationwide concern that directly affects every person in California. It is every person’s responsibility to use water sustainably and no college, including the University of Southern California, is an exception. Rather than lagging behind sustainable water usage, USC should be at the forefront of it. On the surface of USC’s environmental sustainability campaign, it seems as if they are making sweeping changes; however directly under the first layer of facts there are holes in their plan. If USC made small changes to both their resident hall and landscaping water use, they could not only save money but also better USC’s environmentally friendly status. Regardless of whether or not California is in a drought, USC should still strive to be a model for water sustainability because it would not only better the school’s reputation of being a green university, but it would also save money. From a wider scope of thing s, water usage is important for more reasons than solely the drought in California. As the world’s population nears 7.4 billion people, more people are born each day compared to how many pass away. Looking at the world’s total volume of water, only 2.5% of it is drinkable fresh water. Furthermore, 70% of that freshwater is frozen. With an every increase population like the one we have today, it is likely that water will become the most important resource to mankind. The problem lies in the way the fresh water isShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Drought On Human Consumption1591 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout the past century many areas of the Western United States have faced agricultural concerns, many environmental hazards, and economical stressors stemming from severe drought. According to livescience.com, a drought can be described as a period of unusually dry weather that persists long enough to cause environmental or economic problems. (Oskin, 2014) Droughts are nat ural occurrences that have been happening for hundreds of years, and although their effects haven’t been documented thatRead MoreThe Use Of Water From Aquifers And Reservoirs Without Strict Regulations923 Words   |  4 PagesThe drought in the western United States has been going on for nearly five years and while there are countless ways to lessen the effects, there isn’t much action being taken. If nothing is done, the supply of groundwater in the United States along with the quality of it will greatly diminish within the next few decades. In many Western states such as California, the residents haven’t been taking much notice to the situation due to their use of the use of water from aquifers and reservoirs withoutRead MoreThe Distillation Dream Team Co993 Words   |  4 PagesDistillation Dream-Team Co.â„ ¢ BREAKING NEWS: METEOROLOGIST FEAR DEVASTATING DROUGHT TO SPREAD WEST IN THE UNITED STATES! CALIFORNIA ALREADY HARD HIT! Currently in the Western United States, the country is going through a major drought crisis. California reaches worst level; as it spreads to the Western states. More than 58 percent of the state was in an â€Å"exceptional drought† stage, according to the latest U.S. Drought Monitor map. The drought that began almost three years ago has also â€Å"nearly depleted† theRead MoreImpact Of The Agricultural Industry On The United States Essay1676 Words   |  7 Pagesmeteorological society and Stanford University, says that the 2013 and 2014 drought in California was an exceptional climate event in the western coast of the United States( Swain) The drought that has impacted the state of California has been a national phenomena for a few years now and how it affects the climate and economic aspects of the United States economy has helped increase awareness to the general public of the United States. California has a majority of all farming in the U.S., includingRead Mo reThe Legal Foundation For Humanitarian Intervention Essay1219 Words   |  5 PagesThe legal foundation for humanitarian intervention was established in the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the Convention on the Prevention of Genocide and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Lecture 11/15/16). Genocide, as decided by the, Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide: genocide, whether committed in time of peace or in time of war, is a crime under international law which they (contracted members) undertake to prevent and to punishRead MoreEl Nino And Its Effects852 Words   |  4 PagesEl Nià ±o and its Effects Recently, the weather has varied greatly from traditional for many areas within the United States; the East Coast has had next to zero snow, while Midwest states have been hit by several heavy snowstorms. Although this change in weather patterns, compared to the average year, may appear unordinary and confusing, it can be attributed to the fact that a very strong El Nià ±o is currently underway. El Nià ±o occurs when trade winds in the Pacific Ocean decrease in magnitude, whichRead MoreWildfires And Its Effects On Our Environment977 Words   |  4 PagesAll too often in the Western U.S., we hear things like, Fire danger is extremely high or, We are in a tinder box right now. By mid-summer, our surroundings dry-out and it seems conditions become perfect as we segue into a fifth season. Wildfire Season. Wildfires can wreak havoc! Millions of dollars are spent annually, preparing for Wildfires. Money is allocated for education, training, and preparing to fight Wildfires. Money is spent fighting them and protecting structures that might be inRead MoreEssay about History of the Colorado River1413 Words   |  6 PagesINTRODUCTION According to tree ring scientists from the University of Arizona in Tuscon, the Colorado River went through a six decade long drought during the mid-1100s. This drought was longer than any other drought know to the region. The Colorado River is essential to the American Southwest, draining into about 242,000 square miles of land to include seven U.S. states: Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming. â€Å"The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicted inRead MoreThe State Of Emergency And Urban Californians1679 Words   |  7 PagesSouthern Oregon border declared a drought in April, after a string of fortunate years of heavy rain and snow. In 2014, a drought emergency was declared in February, two months earlier than in 2013, and in 2015 drought was again declared for the county in April( United State Geological Survey 2015). These successive drought declarations are not surprising to anyone who was following the Western water crisis during those years, where the governor of California declared a state of emergency and urban CaliforniansRead MoreEssay On The Fire705 Words   |  3 Pagesfire. For a young boy, it was intimidating and made the prayer that surrounded the light switch to my bedroom all the more significant: â€Å"Bless this house oh Lord I pray, make it safe through night and day.† At some point every summer, the western United States burns and no one who doesn’t live there seems to take notice. This year, however, the burning was nothing less than catastrophic, and the reaction was the same – barely a notice. In fact, this year was one of those generational burns that

Top 5 Social Networking Site †Taiwan Free Essays

string(68) " mobile With reference to question 3 for Facebook, we estimate \(4\." Top 5 Social Networking Site – Taiwan Mobile phone and social networking site – market research Researcher Name: Sam Ng Date: 5 August 2011 1|Page Social Networking Site No. 1 – (Facebook) 1. How many users are there on the site? In Taiwan, there are approximately 10,192,740 audiences (http://www. We will write a custom essay sample on Top 5 Social Networking Site – Taiwan or any similar topic only for you Order Now checkfacebook. com/) 2. How many active users are there? Facebook said it hit 9 million monthly active users in Taiwan in January 2011. (http://www. clickz. asia/2334/facebook-gains-popularity-in-taiwan) 3. How many users access the site via their pc? According to the static of the Taiwan Network Information Center, 91. % users use non-mobile access the network. (http://www. twnic. net. tw/) 10,192,740 times 91. 1% = 928. 6 millions 4. How many users access the site via their mobile According to the static of the Taiwan Network Information Center, 8. 9% users use mobile access the network. (http://www. twnic. net. tw/). 10,192,740 times 8. 9% = 907,153 5. Is there an ‘app’ or a modified website view for mobile phone access? ’ Yes. It has both mobile app and mobile site. (http://zh-hk. facebook. com/mobile/? v=texts) 6. Who are the main audience? Demographics (age, gender, country) Sex: female 49. 2% and male 50. % Age: 25 – 34 is 37. 0% 18 – 24 is 2 8. 5% 35 – 44 is 14. 6% 14 – 17 is 11. 5% To view country information, please check at http://www. checkfacebook. com/ 7. What are the main features of the social networking site? (daily status updates, games, avatars? ) The main features include Daily status updates, news feed, like page, Easter eggs, message and inbox. (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Facebook_features) 2|Page 8. Are there any features of the site that you have to pay for (e. g you can get a better profile page if you pay a small amount? ) We can pay for virtual gift and virtual goods. http://www. facebook. com/payments_terms/) 9. Are there any games in the site where you can pay a little amount to progress further within the game? Provide some examples. Empires Allies by Zynga, Happy Farm, City ville (http://apps. facebook. com/silvergames/). 10. What payment methods are available on the site? Are these different for mobile phones vs. pc? paypal, credit card, MyCard, mobile phone, Bank transfer, Wes tern Union QuickPay, Easecard, Gamania GASH GASH/BeanFun Member Account, Gamania GASH – Card Redemption, DaoPay. (http://www. facebook. com/payments_terms/) Please provide any other interesting information regarding the social networking site. Not applicable 3|Page Social Networking Site No. 2 – (Wretch. cc) 1. How many users are there on the site? The official site said they have 10,282,840 visitors per month. (http://tw. emarketing. yahoo. com/wretch/superior/wretch/wretch_01. php? menu_tree=Amenu_sub_tree=a) 2. How many active users are there? According to the online statistic, it has 4. 4 million daily visitors. (http://www. wolframalpha. com/input/? i=Wretch. cc) 3. How many users access the site via their pc? With reference to question 3 for Facebook, we estimate (4. 4 million times 91. 1% = 4 million daily visitors) access the site via PCs. 4. How many users access the site via their mobile With reference to question 3 for Facebook, we estimate (4. You read "Top 5 Social Networking Site – Taiwan" in category "Papers" 4 million times 8. 9% = 0. 39 million daily visitors) access the site via mobiles. 5. Is there an ‘app’ or a modified website view for mobile phone access? ’ It has a mobile site (tw. m. wretch. yahoo. com) and some mobile apps. (http://itunes. apple. com/hk/app/wretchcam/id407676372? mt=8) 6. Who are the main audience? Demographics (age, gender, country) Based on internet averages, wretch. cc is visited more frequently by females who are in the age range 35-44, have no children, have no college education and browse this site from school. (http://www. alexa. com/siteinfo/wretch. cc) According to the online statistics, 90. 7% of the visitors are located at Taiwan and 2. 5% are located at Hong Kong. (http://www. alexa. com/siteinfo/wretch. cc) 7. What are the main features of the social networking site? (daily status updates, games, avatars? ) The main features are blog, album and message board. The users can also exchange name cards and add friends in the site. 8. Are there any features of the site that you have to pay for (e. g you can get a better profile page if you pay a small amount? ) Album: increase album storage, no ad, album background music, online photo rotation, customize album list title, recover deleted album, maximize album title length Blog: increase folder number, increase catalog number, increase links number, increase maximum reply number, blog background music, friend protection Friend: increase maximum friend number, customize friend page title, ncrease friend catalog number 4|Page Media: increase catalog number, increase reply number, increase favorite video number, customize video page title Profile: customize background music, visit counter Message board: increase message number, no ad, visit counter, customize title, use album music, comment alert http://bill. wretch. cc/function. php 9. Are there any games in the site where you can pay a little amo unt to progress further within the game? Provide some examples. Not applicable 10. What payment methods are available on the site? Are these different for mobile phones vs. c? It supports ATM transfer, credit card and paying at 7-11 http://help. cc. tw. yahoo. com/cp_info. html? id=1213. Please provide any other interesting information regarding the social networking site. Wretch is the largest multimedia database in Taiwan – as of the beginning of 2010, there are 3. 5 billion photos, 500 million blog postings, and 15 million video clips. (internal statistics) Each and every day, the users would submit more than 5 million photos to the Wretch. (internal statistics) (http://www. wretch. cc/blog/ycorpblog/11345185). 5|Page Social Networking Site No. 3 – Gamer. com. tw) 1. How many users are there on the site? The official site said they have 2,500,000 users. (http://prj. gamer. com. tw/bahaAD/) 2. How many active users are there? The official site said they have 1,500,00 0 active users. (http://prj. gamer. com. tw/bahaAD/) According to the online statistic, they have 1. 4 million daily visitors. (http://www. wolframalpha. com/entities/web_domains/gamer. com. tw/5s/ci/ql/) 3. How many users access the site via their pc? With reference to question 3 for Facebook, we estimate (2,500,000 times 91. 1% = 2277500) access the site via PCs. . How many users access the site via their mobile With reference to question 3 for Facebook, we estimate (2,500,000 times 8. 9% = 222500) access the site via mobiles.. 5. Is there an ‘app’ or a modified website view for mobile phone access? ’ Not applicable 6. Who are the main audience? Demographics (age, gender, country) Gender: Male 78% and Female 22% Age: 16 – 20 is 38% 21 – 25 is 29% 26 – 30 is 16% Country: 96% Taiwan people. The official site also provides the job and education statistic of the users. (http://prj. gamer. com. tw/bahaAD/userall. html) 7. What are the main features of the social networking site? (daily status updates, games, avatars? ) This site provide game information, blog and forum, E-card and computer graphic gallery. (http://acg. gamer. com. tw/wikimenu. php? s=13710) 8. Are there any features of the site that you have to pay for (e. g you can get a better profile page if you pay a small amount? ) They do not charge any money from the users. However, the users can earn virtual money by posting in the forum and reply others’ questions. The virtual money can be used to buy gifts and play games. (http://wiki2. gamer. com. w/wiki. php? n=13710%3A%E7%B6%93%E9%A9%97%E5%80%BC%E5%92%8C %E5%B7%B4%E5%B9%A3ss=13710) 6|Page 9. Are there any games in the site where you can pay a little amount to progress further within the game? Provide some examples. They provide different kind of games such as â€Å"Magic School† (online RPC), â€Å"Troubled Times in China† (online RPC) and Monopoly. (http://acg. gamer . com. tw/apiList. php? s=12) 10 What payment methods are available on the site? Are these different for mobile phones vs. pc? Not applicable xt. Please provide any other interesting information regarding the social networking site. Not applicable 7|Page Social Networking Site No. 4 – (Eyny. com) 1. How many users are there on the site? There are approximately 4,000,000 users on the site. (http://evchk. wikia. com/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E8%8E%89%E8%A8%8E%E8%AB%96%E5%8D%80) 2. How many active users are there? Based on the online statistics, the number of daily pageviews is 4,910,809 and the number of daily visitors is 316,695. (http://webinformation. co/www. eyny. com) 3. How many users access the site via their pc? With reference to question 3 for Facebook, we estimate (4,000,000 times 91. 1% = 3644000) access the site via PCs.. . How many users access the site via their mobile With reference to question 3 for Facebook, we estimate (4,000,000 times 8. 9% = 356000) access the site via mobiles.. 5. Is there an ‘app’ or a modified website view for mobile phone access? ’ Not applicable. 6. Who are the main audience? Demographics (age, gender, country) Age: 18 – 24 is the most represented at eyny. com Gender: the ratio of male and female is fifty-fifty. (http://www. alexa. com/siteinfo/eyny. com) Country: Taiwan 85. 8% and Hong Kong 7. 0% (http://www. websitelooker. com/www/eyny. com) 7. What are the main features of the social networking site? (daily status updates, games, avatars? ) Forum, blog, Wikipedia and share video 8. Are there any features of the site that you have to pay for (e. g you can get a better profile page if you pay a small amount? ) Unlimited picture view, unlimited downloading attachments, unlimited search function and unlimited in-site message. (http://www07. eyny. com/thread-224266-1-1. html) 9. Are there any games in the site where you can pay a little amount to progress further within the game? Provide some examples. Not applicable. |Page 10. What payment methods are available on the site? Are these different for mobile phones vs. pc? Bank Transfer (ATM, online banking, pay in banks) and cheque (mail to the office). (http://www07. eyny. com/thread-224266-1-1. html) Please provide any other interesting information regarding the social networking site. Maximum online user is 24287. (http://evchk. wikia. com/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E8%8E%89%E8%A8%8E%E8%A B%96%E5%8D%80) Alexa Traffic Rank 7 in Taiwan, Rank 31 in Macao, Rank 65 in Hong Kong (http://www. alexa. com/siteinfo/eyny. com) Social Networking Site No. 5 (PIXNET) . How many users are there on the site? Not applicable. 2. How many active users are there? According to the online statistics, the number of daily page views is around 8. 5 million and the number of daily visitors is around 2. 4 million. (http://www. wolframalpha. com/input/? i=www. pixnet. net) . 3. How many users access the site via their pc? With reference to question 3 for Facebook, around 91. 1% users access the site via PCs. 4. How many users access the site via their mobile With reference to question 3 for Facebook, around 8. 9% users access the site via Mobiles. 5. Is there an ‘app’ or a modified website view for mobile phone access? ’ It has a mobile app (http://cn. androidzoom. com/android_applications/social/pixnet-mobile-controlpanel_lfrv. html) and a mobile site. (http://m. pixnet. net/) 6. Who are the main audience? Demographics (age, gender, country) Age: 25 – 34 and 45 to 54 year olds are the most similar to the general internet population Gender: male is slightly more than female. Country: 80. 9% Taiwan, 6. 6% Hong Kong, 2. 6% China and 2. 3% United States (http://www. alexa. com/siteinfo/pixnet. net) 7. What are the main features of the social networking site? daily status updates, games, avatars? ) Album, blog, message board, exchange name card. 9|Page 8. Are there any features of the site that you have to pay for (e. g you can get a better profile page if you pay a small amount? ) The site provides the following features that we have to pay for: – increase monthly upload size (not included video) an d unlimited video upload – choose blog domain name – unlimited album back up – unlimited visitor tracking – album folder management (add, move and delete) – more RSS subscriptions – the latest month blog statistic (https://bill. pixnet. tw/vip/vipnew) . Are there any games in the site where you can pay a little amount to progress further within the game? Provide some examples. Chinese Dragon (flash game), Happy Farm (social game), Pocket Monster (webpage game) (http://pixnet. gamebase. com. tw/) 10. What payment methods are available on the site? Are these different for mobile phones vs. pc? ATM transfer, 7-11 ibon payment, credit card online payment and mobile phone Micro Payment (http://help. pixnet. tw/index/qa? faq_id=95). Please provide any other interesting information regarding the social networking site. Not applicable. 10 | P a g e How to cite Top 5 Social Networking Site – Taiwan, Papers

Picassos Melting Clocks Essay Example For Students

Picassos Melting Clocks Essay Since I was a child, I have been completely impressed whenever I look at anything. I have always been especially impressed by things that make me cry of emotion. It seems stupid but has been like this for years. Your feelings are the same. I can not believe I am the first person to make a comment regarding Picassos Melting Clocks masterpiece. The picture is the probably the best painting in the world. I think it is lovely. What I see is an extremely good painting that is bringing new life into the world. I believe the painting is made wisely because if it were any better it would be real. We will write a custom essay on Picassos Melting Clocks specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Whats really so amazing about this painting is that if you stop to think about it, it was actually painted by someone! I must admit that even though I am always impressed when I look at things, at first the Melting Clocks Painting was very disappointing and depressing. But then I was struck by the truth: I realized that this painting was made by a real person who painted it by hand. I thought it was lovely. And now I think the picture is wonderful! It is amazing that people can paint something so wonderful. It is such a great painting that it should be in every art-lovers house. I would pay up to $1000 for this work of art. It is a masterpiece, pure genius! It looks as if Picasso was living inside the picture. It is one of the most beautiful paintings I have ever seen. This painting is wonderful. It makes me like this painter for his feelings and personality. It also makes me know. It astounds me that a mere man could make something so truthful when he is usually so stupid. The clocks are dripping like time itself really drips, when you stop to think about it. But even if you dont want to take the time to understand this theory of mine, you can still appreciate the emotional force of Melting Clocks. I think it is a lovely painting because it has colors. I believe this artwork reveals a great power. It illustrates an overwhelming power. It emanates a vast fragility. You need to wonder whether Picasso holds an expression of regret, dislike of inability, a pure sadness, or a feeling of guilt. I believe that this masterpiece is wonderful. There are a lot of different details in this painting. I feel like I am near the painting when I look at it. Thats because this work is accurately composed. This painting is great. A couple of hours ago I was waiting in line at the ATM, when I overheard some lady say that Picassos Melting Clocks picture gave her the heebee-jeebees. I was appalled. This painting is a problem for her because in her reality she doesnt know how to understand art. She doesnt know how to see honest beauty. It might be freaky, but it is also ingenious. He is not really a psychopath. Look at the fantastic detail of the melting clock. Imagine the dripping of time! This is a beautiful piece of art!!! I am impressed that this painting is so talented. It makes me feel like I know stuff. So do you still think this painting is very ugly? No, nobody can think it is ugly. Apart from being a masterpiece known worldwide, this is also such an erotic shock. The place that is painted gives me this sort of feeling. I feel especially satisfied. I also feel proud of the painting. I understand Picasso because I am a fan. It is quite impressive to see a man who has been dead for many centuries just by looking at one of his paintings. I really enjoy this work because it takes me away, and then when I come back I realize I didnt go anywhere. I think that his work is just wonderful I just love it. Its insight, divine beauty, and vulnerability grasp my mind creating a form of excitement. How beautiful this painting really is. It brings forth the essence of truth. Ultimately, Melting Clocks warms the soul. It is an amazing painting. .u84203610cfa973d9ade6ae16bd65b887 , .u84203610cfa973d9ade6ae16bd65b887 .postImageUrl , .u84203610cfa973d9ade6ae16bd65b887 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u84203610cfa973d9ade6ae16bd65b887 , .u84203610cfa973d9ade6ae16bd65b887:hover , .u84203610cfa973d9ade6ae16bd65b887:visited , .u84203610cfa973d9ade6ae16bd65b887:active { border:0!important; } .u84203610cfa973d9ade6ae16bd65b887 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u84203610cfa973d9ade6ae16bd65b887 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u84203610cfa973d9ade6ae16bd65b887:active , .u84203610cfa973d9ade6ae16bd65b887:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u84203610cfa973d9ade6ae16bd65b887 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u84203610cfa973d9ade6ae16bd65b887 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u84203610cfa973d9ade6ae16bd65b887 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u84203610cfa973d9ade6ae16bd65b887 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u84203610cfa973d9ade6ae16bd65b887:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u84203610cfa973d9ade6ae16bd65b887 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u84203610cfa973d9ade6ae16bd65b887 .u84203610cfa973d9ade6ae16bd65b887-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u84203610cfa973d9ade6ae16bd65b887:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Martha Graham - The Picasso of Dance EssayIt makes me want to go research it. I really enjoy this work. It is a fantastic representation. But dont forget that this painting was painted by a person. Thats why, when you look at it, you can see the truth of humanity. I think this painting probably was the culmination of Picassos career. If you try to think about this painting then you will discover that it actually has a true meaning that you can probably understand. I think it is truly a wonder. My reaction to it shows how truly great it is. Another reason that it is the greatest painting in the world is that it was painted by the greatest painter in the world. I think this artwork is the best. I love the way it works on me. I think this painting can be placed in a dictionary to define many words, like beauty, greatness, truth, time, genius, masterpiece, fantastic, amazing, incredible, and even painting. I really like this painting. I think it is the worlds finest masterpiece. This painting is by far the most cherished and appreciated masterpiece ever painted. All I can say is wow. The painting is truly fantastic. It just gives me pure joy. It is beautiful. I love this painting. It is amazing. This is beautiful artwork. It is the best painting in the world. It is my favorite work of all time. It is truly the work of a genius. No other painting is this good. Almost everybody loves this painting. It is really incredible. It is an astounding piece of work. It is a TIMELESS masterpiece. ; In conclusion, This picture is very elegant. It shows the essence of life in a world where time is actually melting away. It is also very precise. I think this was one of his best paintings, but it is definitely the best painting that anyone has ever made. The detail and color that went into this painting are exquisite. This guy is unsurpassed in his masterpieces. He is by far my favorite artist of the Renaissance.

The impact of the inspectors final Essay Example For Students

The impact of the inspectors final Essay Discuss the impact of the inspectors final speech exit and explore why it is made more dramatic given the social and historical context of the play.  Why do you think the inspector has called?  An Inspector calls is a play set in 1912. J.B. Priestley wrote it in 1945. Nineteen-Forty-Five was the year that brought with it the end of Second World War. Six long years in which 55 million lives were lost including 6 million Jews. This was a hard time of austerity, in which everybody would just have to do without, and all food was rationed. During the Second World War the first ever atomic bomb was dropped by the Americans, onto Hiroshima and Nagasaki. We will write a custom essay on The impact of the inspectors final specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Each bomb killed 70,000 civilians instantly; many more were to later die of radiation poisoning. This was a devastating time for all, if one thing positive came from the war it was the Welfare State being proposed. The Welfare State was social security from cradle to grave, a comforting thought. However, the end of the war marked a change. By this time many people were so downtrodden and terrified that there optimism probably carried them a bit too far, with many predicting a peaceful and loving world. A belief also shared later by the Hippies in the 1960s. Apart from this joint optimism, the social classes were divided. There was the lower/working class, which contained the social group, considered to occupy the lowest position in a hierarchical society, typically composed of manual workers and their families. Then there were the middle classes, which were the section of society between the poor and the wealthy, including business and professional people and skilled workers. This class had both an upper and lower part to it, the upper middle class contained mostly, wealthy executives, usually factory owners and the lower middle class contained the sort of people who were teachers and still living comfortably. The Upper class were the highest social class, or the people in it, this class contained the aristocracy and the very wealthy, all the people who were considered upper class had a title, like Lady or Lord. J.B. Priestley, whose full name is John Boynton Priestley, was born on the 13th September 1894, in Bradford. At the age of 20 Priestley, who having grown up into his fathers circle of socialist friends, had now found himself joining in with their political arguments. Socialists believe in socialism. Socialism refers to a broad array of doctrines or political movements that visualise a socio-economic system in which property and the distribution of wealth are subject to the control of the community for the purposes of increasing social and economic equality and cooperation. This belief is promoted more these days in the form of the Labour Party than the Conservatives. Socialists tend to believe that with the conservatives in charge that the poor stay poor and the rich get richer. The Inspectors speech is written as a piece of oratory, a speech rather than a conversation with the Birlings. The Inspector is not only addressing the Birlings with his speech but also as it seems is addressing the audience in which J.B. Priestley puts forward his own Socialist views. The inspector tells the Birlings and the audience that Eva Smith is one person, and this has only been about one person, but Eva Smith symbolises the working class people who are a victim of the harsh social system. These people have been badly treated by their employers and others, like the Birlings, who are in a higher social class and a perfect position to help the less fortunate. .u4391674c6996886ea601459ca26d781a , .u4391674c6996886ea601459ca26d781a .postImageUrl , .u4391674c6996886ea601459ca26d781a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4391674c6996886ea601459ca26d781a , .u4391674c6996886ea601459ca26d781a:hover , .u4391674c6996886ea601459ca26d781a:visited , .u4391674c6996886ea601459ca26d781a:active { border:0!important; } .u4391674c6996886ea601459ca26d781a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4391674c6996886ea601459ca26d781a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4391674c6996886ea601459ca26d781a:active , .u4391674c6996886ea601459ca26d781a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4391674c6996886ea601459ca26d781a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4391674c6996886ea601459ca26d781a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4391674c6996886ea601459ca26d781a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4391674c6996886ea601459ca26d781a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4391674c6996886ea601459ca26d781a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4391674c6996886ea601459ca26d781a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4391674c6996886ea601459ca26d781a .u4391674c6996886ea601459ca26d781a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4391674c6996886ea601459ca26d781a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Was Malvolio's Treatment Justified EssayThe Inspector is saying that although this one unfortunate member of society has died, there are a lot more out there by saying that there are millions and millions and millions of Eva Smiths and John Smiths. A group of three is used here to emphasize the amount of unfortunate being still out there. Groups of three are a common technique used to persuade people into doing things I think here The Inspector is trying to persuade the Birlings to look at the enormity of underprivileged citizens out there, just begging for their help. Another group of three used in the Inspectors speech is with what we think and say and do. I believe that by using this grouping of three, the Inspector is trying to make the Birlings and the audience realise that no action of anyone ever goes unnoticed and that for every action of one person there is an opposite and equal reaction. It is as if Newtons Third law of motion applies to how the society is. Towards the end of the speech, the Inspector says If men will not learn that lesson, then they will be taught in fire and blood and anguish this group of three creates a very unpleasant image in ones head and makes one ponder, what will this torture include? Is it possibly a piece of dramatic irony in which with audience knows it is referring to World War One, to which the Birlings remain blissfully unaware. Therefore, I personally believe that this is the most memorable and dramatic quote of the speech.

Compare the different film versions of Romeo and Juliet Essays

Compare the different film versions of Romeo and Juliet Essays Compare the different film versions of Romeo and Juliet Paper Compare the different film versions of Romeo and Juliet Paper Essay Topic: Romeo and Juliet Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet have been adapted in many different ways by different people. Romeo and Juliet is a film that gripped the world, no matter what age or what language you spoke. Many directors from around the world made there own version of the film in many different languages. In this essay I will compare the different version of the love story. The versions that I will compare are Baz Luhrmanns, Zeffirellis and West Side Story directed by Jerome Robbins and Robert Wise. Baz Luhrmanns (1996), Franco Zeffirellis (1968) and West Side Story have quite a lot in common but also a few differences at the same time. The similarities and differences varied through language dialects, clothing, weaponry, and the impressions different people had from different parts of Shakespeares original story. The Zeferelli version and the original play by William Shakespeare show some variations between storylines. There are also far smaller differences between extremely similar stories with the single huge difference of modernisation, as seen between the Luhrman version of Romeo and Juliet, as well as the play. The original Romeo and Juliet was set around the time when the play was written, and was not written to become one of the greatest plays of all time. Instead, the goal was more toward making a popular play that could make some money, be funny, and evoke a huge amount of feeling. This story focused around the love of Romeo and Juliet that they had during the time of the renaissance. The love shown in this play is known to be immortal, but many aspects of the play are from the time that they were made. An example of this is the language of this play, which is old English (Shakespearean). Also, another aspect that comes from the time the play was made was the clothing, which is exactly as the styles were in the Middle Ages. And a third example is the use of swords in the battle. The Zeferelli version of Romeo and Juliet was very similar to the play, because the dress, language, and weaponry were all the same. The only major difference between these two versions was the interpretation of a few events, such as the battle between Tybalt and Mercutio. In this battle, Tybalt was seen as merely fooling around, instead of in an angry rage as the play displayed. Even though the Luhrman version of Romeo and Juliet had essentially the same lines and storyline as the play, although a few lines were edited out, and there were many other substantial differences. First, this movie was set during the modern day, with everything except the language modernised and has the MTV generation feel to it. Next, the movie was about two major gangs battling against on another, while the play focused around two relatively normal aristocratic families from their time. Also, another difference between the two versions is the weaponry. In Luhrmans version of Romeo and Juliet, 9mm swords, which is a gun instead of the actual swords that were used in the play. Although these two plays were quite different, there was another movie, A West Side Story, which was more similar to the original play. A West Side Story is quite similar to the story of Romeo and Juliet. In A West Side Story, two gangs are feuding during modern times. Both gangs are fighting over a piece of territory. Also, two people from separate gangs fall in love, and one of them dies. Each of these events occurs in Romeo and Juliet in at least one of the versions, demonstrating the incredible similarity between these stories. Each version of Romeo and Juliet, as well as A West Side Story, had many similarities and differences as I have shown. Although they were all quite similar, each was unique in at least one way. The Zeferelli version showed the battle between Tybalt and Mercutio as friendly, unlike the other versions. Two examples of uniqueness in A West Side Story were that one of the two lovers survived, and the feud was between white Americans and Puerto Ricans. The original play was unique due to the fact that this was the first version upon which all other versions were based. The Luhrman version was unique due to the fact that this movie was the most modern and fast paced of all the stories, and is the one that related to us the most closely due to how modern the storyline was. The original themes in each of these both similar but terrific stories are comparable, although varied enough to make each one valuable.

Business Development Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business Development - Case Study Example All the departmental manager in the branch will report directly to him and he will be assisted by a secretary. Followings are description of two jobs from each department respectively. Finance Manager He/She takes care of all financial issues. His department will collect money from the cashiers and put them into bank. Besides, they will have to document all the financial transaction including prepare the costing, balance sheet and estimate the profit and lost of the business. Costing Executive He/She will do the calculation of the costing of the operation of the whole business. Her work coordinates all aspect related to cost example the electricity and water usage, man power usage, compensation to customer, cost of goods and etc. Human Resource Manager He/She is in-charged of the human energy. The main role is to do workforce planning, recruit and select suitable employee and to provide training and motivate them. Payroll Assistant He/She calculates the salary of all employees, checking attendance and performance of the people in the organization. The work is very confidential in the company. Logistic and Warehouse Manager He/She will be responsible of the goods lodging and receiving, taking care of the warehouse and inventory in the branch. General Wokers He/She will help to load or unload goods, help to arrange them in warehouse and deliver it to departments that need the goods. Sales and Marketing Manager He/She is managing the sales in the branch. He needs to achieve the sales target preset by the group marketing manager, help to organize events and promotions to increase sales. Cashiers He/She collects money from customer for purchasing goods. Comparison of Debenhams Plc's organizational chart and a grocery shop In comparison to Debenhams...Besides that there are a lot of management and financial skills involved. A good businessman should continuously seek improvement in his work as in Debenhams Plc. The organizational chart for Debenhams Plc was shown in figure 1. In each branch, the management is lead by a branch manager. He overlooks the operation of the whole branch. All the departmental manager in the branch will report directly to him and he will be assisted by a secretary. Followings are description of two jobs from each department respectively. He/She takes care of all financial issues. His department will collect money from the cashiers and put them into bank. Besides, they will have to document all the financial transaction including prepare the costing, balance sheet and estimate the profit and lost of the business. He/She will do the calculation of the costing of the operation of the whole business. Her work coordinates all aspect related to cost example the electricity and water usage, man power usage, compensation to customer, cost of goods and etc. In comparison to Debenhams Plc, a grocery has a very simple organizational chart. The leader in the chart is the owner himself. He will be assisted by one or two general workers. The owner will be the HR, finance, sales, marketing and cashier himself. His workers will help him to load and unload goods.

Management Contracting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Management Contracting - Essay Example Generally, management companies wish to formulate standard form of contracts as it has a wide range of long term benefits. This paper will advise the client about the significance of having a decent contract before getting strait into the construction work. It will also explain the impact of such contracts on both the company and client. Since the client wishes to tie the contractors down with low fixed prices and other similar restrictions, it is better to design an established standard form of contract. In the opinion of Beard, Loulakis, and Wundram (2001, p.347), the standard form contracts assist the parties to contract with economical and convenient way of performance. The authors add that these types of contracts aid both the parties to minimise the costs associated with the lawyering for every subsequent contract in the formation of new projects (ibid). Since standard form contracts do not allow further negotiation on formed contracts, both the parties can take advantage of th e reduced transaction costs. Similarly, this established contract reduces the possibilities of unforeseen anomalies and thereby it would help the client to save unexpected costs that may incur in the future. The client gives great emphasis on time and it can be achieved by the formation of a standard form contract. ... When the project owner or client gives a valid acceptance to the offer, the contract comes into force. The court has developed some additional terms for the standard term contract in order to protect the interests of both the parties. It would be difficult for the large-scale construction management organisations to maintain separate contracts for every individual. Therefore, a standard form of contract helps the firm to escape from the troublesome difficulties of negotiation and other legal formalities. Similarly, it provides conveniences to client also. The standard form contract obliges the firm to give reasonable notice to the client at proper times regarding necessary information. It is also held that the notice should be contemporaneous with the contract so that it would save the client from additional liabilities. Likewise, the client will be legally protected if the firm makes a fundamental breach of the contract on the strength of sub-clauses. In addition, the standard form contracts maintain many provisions that would satisfy the interests of both the parties. For instance, Murdoch and Hughes say that JCT SB 05 is a standard building contract which necessitates the appointment of an architect or contract administrator who has some strictly defined powers such as â€Å"issuing of certain instructions on behalf of employer and also certification of payments, the quality of work, and the contractor’s performance† (Murdoch & Hughes, 2008, p.106). In addition, it includes certain fluctuation clauses which save the parties from losses associated with fluctuations in money market and changes in governmental regulations. There may be variations in labour prices, tax rates, and raw material costs which would

Theories of Motivation for Conflict Management

Theories of Motivation for Conflict Management CONFLICT MANAGEMENT 1.1 Introduction of conflict management Conflict management is a practice that we can use to identify and handle conflict sensibly, fairly and efficiently. Since conflict are always happen anyway, anytime, and anyplace. So it is very important that there are people who understand conflict and know how to solve them. This is important in today’s market more than ever. Everyone want to have a good place, good situasion that doesn’t have any negative conflict to make them feel more comfortable to work. But when we listen to someone talk about conflict management, our first idea and the meaning comes to our mind is problem in organization. Conflict is a natural part of life. Because everyone face their own conflict. Conflict is very hard to avoid when we work with other because people will always have different viewpoints and perception toward something. The way to handle the conflict determines whether it works and give advantages or disadvantages. It is very hard and really difficult for people to build a strong team or group. If we are facing the conflict, we can choose to ignore it, complain about it, blame someone for it, or try to deal with it through hints and suggestions, or we can be direct, find out what is going on, and try to reach a resolution through negotiation or compromise. We have to solve the negative conflict and increase the positive conflict , we have to plan everything in other to dealt with this conflict so it is not too easy to get pulled into the argument and create any larger mess. Actually that is depend how team member going to cooperate with each other, what type of resolution they want to choose. This all about their choice whether they want to move on or just give up with it. Conflict is not always a bad thing, though. Healthy and positive conflict is a result of working or team the cooperate well with each other to finish the task that be given. Conflict always happen because of differences between people that often make various teams more effective than those with similar experience. When people with a differ viewpoints, experiences, skills, ideas and opinions are given a task, a project or challenge, then the combination of the effort can be more effective than any group of similar individual could achieve. So, team members must be open to these differences and never let them rise and become a negative conflict. Understanding and appreciating the differences of the viewpoints that involved in conflict are major reason in its resolution. A team member have to develop this skill in order to maintain a positive conflict. According to Kenneth W. Thomas and Ralph H. Kilmann there are five conflict styles we can follow when the conflict happened and how to resolve to prevent the conflict or make it worse. These five styles are accommodating, avoiding, collaborating, competing, compromising. Well, a accommodating person is someone that having high capable to cooperate with their worker. This may be what he want or it opposing with hat he desired and cannot achieve his goal. This will be more effective when the other person recommend it to have better solution. An avoiding of the issue is the better way for person to avoid the conflict. But this styles will not help the team or the person to achieve their goal. But it can help the work become better or hen the person has no chance of winning. The collaborating is the situation where the leader and the member will cooperate together and make their dream come true. A great collaborating between them maybe help them to gain more benefit. It can be effective using in complex situation. Then the competing, competing is a situation where the leader and member having different opinion and compete with each other to achieve their goal. The person will act himself without getting any agreement from others, this only happen when emergency time or last minute task. Last, compromising,for this situation whether the leader or the members can achieves what they want. This can be a moderate level of cooperation. In this situation, they maybe need an other solution to achieve equally of their important goal. 1.2 Scenario of conflict management in group During our group assignment we face a lot of conflict. The most of all, the interpersonal conflict arise in our group. This occurs because we have different view about what should be done. This is because of personality different in group found that it is very difficult to cooperate with each other. Saying about personality different, I realize that each of the group member has their own personality, such as quiet person, it is very difficult to deal with this type of person because it is hard to make them give full attention and cooperation in doing the task, they being silence and less giving idea, they was like avoiding from the task. Not helping other to finish the task well.. Some of the group member, also have a stubborn personality, even very bossy, this make our discussion become difficult because this type of person keep rejecting the idea from others. Apart from that, we also have different perception. Each of us comes from different background, we have different experience and also different education level. This differences cause each of us have our own ideas and way of solving our problem during the task. Different background, our group came from different background because we all mixed together, international and local student. It is very difficult to have a conversation amongs us, because we have different slang. Some of the group member have their experience in doing this kind of assignment while other not. So this make this assignment become difficult to solve when we have different ideas based on the experience we have. About educational level, some of group member very good in academic while some differ, this make the lower one feel discourage and shy to give an idea , this situation become a competing, they will act themselves without getting any agreement from other. this make our group lack of idea and suggestion duri ng the discussion doing the assignment. Not only that, each of group member has conflict within themselves which more known to intrapersonal conflict. This make one individual difficult to give full cooperation in doing our task. For example, a person in group found that it is very difficult to come early for the group meeting discussion because they have their problem. They know they should come early but they refuse to come because of the conflict within themselves. Some have personal problem like they don’t like one of the group member, this make them feel hesitate to come for meeting. They feel it is very hard to face each other. This make group discussion very difficult to do. While doing the task, we found a lot of difficulties. However, we able to manage and put everything in order. Based on the basic type of conflict, I found out that our group member face the goal conflict, this happen when our group member set their goal and it is imcompatible with each other. Everyone is set their own goal based on their own desire. So make each group arguing to each other to satisfy their desires and to achieve their goal. Besides that, this group also face the affective conflict, I can say this because some of my group member getting angry with other member, this occur when someone in the group did not give full cooperation and not serious with the task that been given, this cause some of member really angry among themselves. Conflict Resolution How we managed and resolved our conflict by conflict handling intention. These five type, competing, collaborating, avoiding, accommodating and compromising really happen during the group discussion. Competing, each of our group member have their own goal for the task, they have a desires to pursue their personal concern without thinking of other. They participate very eagerly and doing their best to make sure the work done fast, they don’t consider about others and don’t want to accept other opinion. This make the group leader have to set out the the best idea and force the member to vote which idea and suggestion is the best. Collaborating, group member try to work well with other to have full satisfaction of the task. Group member try to accept and try to think the idea and suggestion together, list down the idea and suggestion and agree with it easily. Avoiding, group member try to avoid the conflict to make thing better. They start to ignore and not giving full attention on the task. They just simply run away from the difficulty. Then group leader asking the member to listen first, then talk, speak out the. Try to keep the peo ple and problem separately. Accommodating, when the member seeks to satisfy their own interests but neglect it because they concern about others. This make us have to come by paying attention to the important interests that being presented. And last compromising, a group member willing to give up something. They make sure that their good relationships are the first priority and always keep the task in order. when the conflict arise, we use three types of way to prevent the conflict, the first types is trust and communication, this is the greatest way, we can prevent the conflict if the group member are trusting each other, my member tend to be more honest and being open communication among our self, the leader encourage the member being open in communication so that we all can understand each other more than before. Second , goal structure, goal should be clearly defined and the role plus the contribution of each other must clearly identified, so the leader have made the clear job, task and goal for each one of the member , so they are aware of their task and try to achieve their own goal and task. Third, by ignoring the conflict, sometimes it is good to just ignore the problem. From leader viewpoint, it is not worth the time to get involve and try solve it, if the problem is too much and we cannot find the solution, so we just try to ignore it and move on to other part. Motivation introduction of motivation Motivation is used in the workforce not just to attract individuals that organization but to keep them there. One definition of motivation ‘has to do with a set of independent or dependent variables relationship that explain the direction, amplitude, and persistence of an individual’s behaviour, holding constant the effects of amplitude, skills, and understanding of the task, and the constraints operating in the environment. As example, every member of the group must cooperates in generate the idea to make sure that the assignment that is given by lecture can be finished successfully Motivation results from the interaction of both conscious and unconscious factors such as the intensity of desire or need, incentive or reward value of the goal, and expectations of the individual and of his and her peers. These factors are the reasons one has for behaving a certain way.. 2.2 Theories of Motivation Cognitive Evaluation Theory This theory suggests that there are actually two motivation systems, Intrinsic and Extrinsic that form to two kinds of motivators that are intrinsic and extrinsic motivators. Intrinsic motivators can be as achievement, responsibility and competence, that come from the actual performance of the task or job the intrinsic interest of the work. Other than that, the kind of extrinsic motivator such as pay, promotion, feedback, working conditions and also things that come from a persons environment, and controlled by others. One or the other of these may be a more powerful motivator for a given members. Intrinsically motivated members perform for their own achievement and satisfaction. If they come to believe that they are doing some job because of the pay or the working conditions or some other extrinsic reason, they begin to lose motivation. The belief is that the presence of powerful extrinsic motivators can actually reduce a persons intrinsic motivation, particularly if the extrinsic motivators are perceived by the person to be controlled by people. In other words, a leader who is always dangling this reward or that stick will turn off the intrinsically motivated member. Acquired Needs Theory ( mcclellan) For this theory, some needs as a result of life experiences such as need for achievement, accomplish something difficult. For example, in a group need to do things for themselves to make sure their work done and perfect. Beside that, in a group need for affiliation, from close personal relationships to make rewarded for making friends. Other than that, we also need power and control other. This is able and get what they through controlling others. Expectancy Theory (Vroom) This theory bring together many of the elements of previous theories. It is the combination of the perceptual aspects of equity theory with the behavioral aspects of the other theories. Basically, it comes down to this equation: M = E*I*V Motivation = Expectancy * Instrumentality * Valence Motivation is the amount a person will be motivated by the situation they find themselves in. It is a function of the following. Expectancy is which the group of the persons perception that effort will result in performance. In other words, in the group the persons assessment of the degree to which effort actually correlates with performance. For instrumentality can be perception of the group that performance will be rewarded or punished. The group’s assessment of how well the amount of reward correlates with the quality of performance. Valence also can perceive strength of the reward or punishment that will result from the performance of the group. If the reward is small, the motivation will be small, even if expectancy and instrumentality are both perfect. 2.3 Types of motivation and scenario: Motivation is the drive or urge that stimulate one’s desires and energy in people to be continually interested and committed to a job or a task that is given to them in order to attain a goal. There are two different types of motivation that we can use while progressing to finish our task. That is, Positive Motivation and Negative Motivation. Positive Motivation is the type of motivation that can become our inspired, the drive is put on the member in order to increase the urge. For example, we can give any praise and credit for group member work. As a group leader, she or he should praising group members that are contributing the matter in group. This will encourage them to do more than that. From that, all group member been inspired to give more alternative. Next, all group member should showing their interest in the welfare of other group, This will encourage them to contribute and cooperate, they will feel they are considered important. Negative Motivation is the type of motivation, that trigour fear in group members mind. By using this method, our work will done by persuaded negatively instead their own willingness. For example, we can threat group member. Group leader can threat non cooperative members not to be included on the attendance if they keep skipping meetings. Second, group leader will use their power as a leader to influence members to do their assigned jobs by setting rules to those that don’t do their work will not be included in the final product. 2.4 how to subordinates (job satisfaction/ non-cash incentive) For job satisfaction, there many aspect of this, but all is depending on how each individual feels how this job satisfaction is important. Our goal is to understand the job satisfaction, or how please someone is with their job and sense of achievement they get from doing it. Well, reward and job satisfaction make us to think about causes for job satisfaction is rewarded to a person while doing their job. From our group assignment, we think about the reward that we will get as a prestige we get for doing a job. For example, we are thinking how the contribution that we give fully in doing the task and feel satisfy with the work and the whole contribution that be pour out. After all the contribution have been given, we will hope for the best result for the task. So this can be a job satisfaction. Jod satisfaction in performance, the relationship between and satisfied a person is with their performance. Giving a good performance sure will give you more satisfaction, so the leader will give an appraisal to boost up the confident level inside the each member . so by this, everyone in the group will being motivated and willing to contribute more on the task. Besides that, non- cash incentive being part of the motivation for the group member, we have to noted that with non-cash incentive reward, each person will doing their job more better , and they get more attracted and hold more to their interest, getting them more excited about the possibilities, and motivating them to act in a way that meets task objective. The non-cash incentive that we do in our group is, after finish the task, we will have a simple and small party. The leader find the best time to gather the group member and having some fun after the task done. This will make them more relaxing and feel excited. References Analytictech.com,(2015).Motivation.[online]Availableat:http://www.analytictech.com/mb021/motivation.htm[Accessed 14 Jan. 2015]. Cherry,K.(2015).WhatIsMotivation?.[online]About.comEducation.Available:http://psychology.about.com/od/mindex/g/motivation-definition.htm[Accessed 14 Jan. 2015] EducationPortal,(2015).WhatIsConflictManagement?Defination,StylesStrategiesEducaionPor[online]Availableat:http//educationportal.com/academy/lesson/whatisconflictmanagementdefination-styles-strategies.htm1 [Accessed 14 Jan 2015]. Wright.edu,(2015).ConflictManagement:StyleandStrategy.[online]Availableat:http://www.wright.edu/~scott.williams/LeaderLetter/conflict.htm [Accessed 14 Jan. 2015].

Characters in Aylin

Aylin Devrimel: She was so far the only tall,skinny,freckled and pony tailed child in her class. She was attending the American Colloge for girls she did not interested in lessons but yet managed to pass her exams with the highest grades. Aylin attended the American College for girls and later went to Paris to continue her education and she began a life with hurried. A hurried marriage which has made her a Libyan princess, a medical education that to pave the way for a successful career as a psychiatrist. And she got a lot of marriages which never lasted long. At the end she was in the American army as a colonel. Leyla Devrimel:She is Aylin’s mother. She always worried about her daughters. She was the pillar of family,clever,talented,strong and beautiful mother. A tumour was discovered in Leyla’s breast and unfortunately she was dying. Leyla died in the autum of 1961. Cemal Devrimel:He is Aylin’s father who worked for the National Rail Company in Ankara. He was very libertine when he engaged with Leyla. After he got married he was very calm and he was a good father. Nilufer Devrimel:She is Aylin’s sister who studied at Barlett school of Architecture and she is seven years older than Aylin. She was to conceive herself to be Aylin’s protector,patron and owner all her life and was to intervene in her life. Aylin was to love her sister all her life. She was really beautiful and she was interested in metaphysical books. As soon as she turned eighteen she got married without to get permission for her parents. Aziz Tansever:He was first husband of Nilufer who the son of a rich businessman. He studied at Economics in England. After the education he had taken a job with NATO in Paris. He was very kind person, helpful and he always love Nilufer. Hilmi Bay?nd?rl?:He is Aylin’s uncle who was childless,he treated Aylin was his own daughter. He had bought luxurious house which Aylin and her uncle lived in Sea of Marmara. Prince Ben Tekkouk:He was first husband of Aylin who prince of Libyan. He was impressed with Aylin and he lived a hotel room with Aylin. He was narrow-minded for her thoughts. He always locked up her in a hotel room and he never want to divorced with Aylin. But they were divorced after a long time†¦ Polat Saran:He was fall in love with Aylin when she got married. He was a student in Paris. Aylin thought that she at last learned the meaning of love with Polat. He was a young man of depth who was interested in literature, philosophy and arts. He was enjoyable and he was two years younger than Aylin. Jean-Pierre:He was second husband of Aylin who was an assistant of physics at University of Lausanne and he instructs Aylin. He was very long man like a bean stalk, clever, civilizen, well-educed and also he was a physic genius. Betin: Aylin’s neighbor and she became her bosom friend. She was two years younger than aylin. Betin knew her friend so well that she was sure. Kas?m Gulek:He was second and last husband of Nilufer. He was as old as Nilufer’s grandfather who has been a bachelor for years. He was a politician whose house was in Ankara-Bahcelievler. Paswak:He was fall in love with Aylin who has got dark skin, curly hair, green eyes and he was tall. He was the UN Ambassador to Afghanistan and he was very attractive man. He was married and he has got three childrens. Misel Radomisli:He was third husband of Aylin who was a psychologist from Turkey. Misel and Aylin introduced them yo their friend whose name was Zeynep. He knew all the songs and he played piano with his husky voice. He was mature person but he left Aylin. Zeynep:She was Aylin’s friend who was a doctor of psychiatry with a brilliant future, she was talented, tall, blond and witty and she looked more like an American than a Turk. She was Aylin’s housemate. Tayibe Gulek:She was a Nilufer’s daughter who lived with Aylin and Misel for eduction. She was as close to her aunt as she could never be to her mother. Nuri:He was manservant in Aylin’s house. Laurie Kraus:She was Aylin’s patient who has attempted suicide twelve times. She was very young and angry. Josep Cates:He was fourth and last husband of Aylin. He had a daughter who was a problematic addescent. The girl was Aylin’s patient. He was a film producer and a bit too fat. Also he was adore of Aylin. Sister Nancy:She was Scottish. She was Aylin’s first patient who was a member of the Church and she wasn’t talkative and shy person.

Improving Math and Science Scores in Middle School

Program Evaluation Improving Math and Science scores in Middle School TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Needs Assessment 3 Program Theory 10 Logic Model 20 Conceptualization & Operationalization of Program Outcomes 24 Assessment of Program Impact 25 References 28 NEEDS ASSESSMENT Math and Science are two subjects which most students at any level approach with trepidation and intense dislike, however, both subjects are integral to cognitive thinking. Not only will these subjects provide skills that will help students think more clearly, but students will be academically successful throughout their school career, enjoy wider career choices and earn more money after graduation. Therefore, establishing a strong foundation in these subjects is integral to future academic and career success. However, studying these subjects in middle school is even more difficult. Studies have shown that the transition for a student from elementary school to middle school is academically and psychologically difficult. According to Maurice Elias in an article entitled, â€Å"Middle School Transition: It’s Harder Than You Think†, many former elementary school students are not well prepared for the demands of middle school. They need explicit instruction, coaching, and support with regard to organizing time and resources for homework; responding to work that is more challenging and requires more effort; understanding and addressing the varying expectations of teachers in different subject areas; and accomplishing such basic tasks as taking notes and taking tests (Elias, 2001). Unfortunately, this same sentiment resonates today with the New York City Public School system, specifically, middle schools located in low income areas. The New York City Public School System is struggling with mathematics achievement in the grades beyond elementary school. Over 30% of the city’s elementary and middle school students score at the lowest level of the state mathematics test and only 34% of all students pass that test. The mathematics â€Å"problem† seems connected to the third major trend in the data, the low performance of middle and junior high schools in the city. In both Mathematics and English Language Arts, the city’s middle and junior high schools seem to be the weakest link in the system (Domanico, 2002). Recently, the math state scores were released further underscoring the middle school â€Å"math problem† that exists. Results showed that while 75. 3% of students at the elementary level passed successfully only 38. 9% of grade eight students passed (Andreatta, 2006, 11). As such, the intent of this study, based on the aforementioned information, is to evaluate and make recommendations with regard to middle school students in a particular school who have been struggling with both subjects. This study will focus on a middle school, IS 166- George Gershwin School—located in East New York. The decision to choose IS 166 was dependent on a few factors among which included the fact that the district within which it is located is considered a â€Å"virtual educational dead zone† by a Civic Report drafted by the Manhattan Institute for Policy Research (Domanico, 2002). Additionally, after reviewing the New York City Department of Education’s website—which provides an overwhelming amount of information on every public school in the city as well as their progress over recent years in the core subjects—it was found that of the schools within the 19th School District—primarily East New York, IS 166 is one of the worst performing schools. The school’s poor academic performance is further exacerbated by the outstanding grades displayed by another school in the 19th School District such as IS 409—East New York Family Academy and outside of the district another school MS 114, located in District 2 (Manhattan), whose grades superseded the city’s level as well as the state’s level. The graphs below illustrate how IS 166 performed poorly in the last 2 years on the state Math and Science exams comparatively to other schools, specifically IS 409 in the same district as well other schools in other districts. The last two graphs will show the difference with a higher performing school such as IS 409 and therefore will confirm why this study is going to be conducted. IS 166- George Gershwin School Math and Science Grades Source: New York Department of Education (Division of Assessment and Accountability—School Report Cards 2005). Definition of the Levels on which the scores for both subjects are based: Level 4—These students exceed the standards and are moving toward high performance on the Regents examination. Level 3—These students meet the standards and, with continued steady growth, should pass the Regents examination. Level 2—These students need extra help to meet the standards and pass the Regents examination. Level 1—These students have serious academic deficiencies. Source: New York Department of Education (Division of Assessment and Accountability—School Report Cards 2005). The aforementioned graphs showed how poorly IS 166 has performed in the last two years in both Math and Science. In Math, the number of students performing at Levels 3 and 4 has decreased from 22. % in 2004 and 17. 5% in 2005. The number of students tested for Level 3 was only 60 and for Level 4 only 3 of 361 total students. The remaining students, as displayed on the right hand side of the graph, are still at a Level 1 which as noted by the above definition means that they are in grave need of assistance. Therefore, for the purposes of the study, the target population will be defined as â€Å"in need† students. Although there has been a slight increase in Science, the results are still less than desirable when compared with other schools in the district and the City. As seen in the graph, only 14% of the students passed at Levels 3 and 4 in 2004 and by 2005, only 18% were able to pass at the same levels. Therefore, if IS 166 continues on this trajectory, it will continue to be labeled an underperforming school that graduates below average students incapable of performing the basic tasks in both subjects. The goal of the evaluation study is to thoroughly review the problems that exist and hopefully get the school to achieve grades similar to IS 409-East New York Family Academy sometime in the near future as is reflected in the following graphs. IS 409- East New York Family Academy Math and Science Grades Source: New York Department of Education (Division of Assessment and Accountability—School Report Cards 2005). As noted in the above graphs, IS 409 is performing extremely well at Levels 3 and 4 and has outperformed schools in both math and science in the district (which is truly exceptional given the neighborhood and its history) as well as other City schools. Very few students if any are far below the standard in both subjects. Moreover, as noted before, other schools such as MS 114 and IS 289 located in District 2 have maintained exceptional scores over the two year period. For 2004 and 2005, MS 114 scored 88% and 81% consecutively in Math and 97% and 91% in Science. IS 289 also scored high grades-for both years in Math, the school displayed 83% and 73% when compared to other schools in the district and city and in Science, they scored 87% and 82%. Other schools in other districts from Queens and Staten Island have also demonstrated solid scores. This makes designing a program even more of a priority in light of the above referenced comparisons. The study will not focus on the students at all levels in the middle schools but specifically, the eighth grade students destined for high school who have yet to grasp the necessary skills needed to succeed and have been the center of test score analysis over the years. These eighth grade students will be approximately 14 years old but depending on factors such as repeating a grade or special needs, the age may vary from 14-16 years old. As noted before, they will be identified as â€Å"in need† students and the study will attempt to identify the worst performing students by looking not only at grades but possibly contributing factors such as income, special needs, and possible crime involvement. The improvement of Math and Science scores is a gargantuan task which requires a major overall of the school at all levels, however, to begin the following services are needed and they are but not limited to: ?Offering training sessions for the math and science teachers. The difference between not only IS 409 and other schools in District 2 is that the teachers have more experience, education, and are less likely to be absent more than average. The training sessions will be implemented on weekends or after-school whichever is more convenient for the teachers and will be done prior to establishing an after-school program for the students. The training sessions will allow teachers from higher performing schools an opportunity to impart their techniques for achieving higher grades. Offering a separate informative session for the Principal, Maria Ortega, so that she is more knowledgeable on what is needed to succeed in both areas. In most cases, the principal of a school has a general idea of what is needed in most subject areas, however, if the principal is more involved, informed, and fully comprehends the nuances of the subject matter, then she will be able to make better choices in hiring and understanding the teaching of the curriculum. This is an i dea which originated out of reading the case of MS 114 in District 2 which showcases a principal that has not only taught but has written Math books for children. Also, in IS 289, the principal knows each student individually and is fully acquainted with their needs. ?Offering additional services for children that may range from an after-school program to extending class hours to offering classes on the weekend. One of the schools in District 2 actually has classes that last at least 50 minutes giving students a better opportunity to absorb the material thereby performing better in exams. ?Offering programs that will incorporate the parents as well. Perhaps this will be in conjunction with the after-school program. As noted, most of the students in this district are from low income families and perhaps some of the parents are in low paying jobs or living on welfare. The parents can take advantage of the program by refreshing themselves with the basic concepts of each subject so that they may assist their children and perhaps help themselves. PROGRAM THEORY In order to address the dire academic situation at IS 166-George Gershwin School, and before implementing an after-school program, it is important to address the issue at the higher levels which means analyzing teaching techniques and more importantly, principal participation. At the Center for Civic Innovation Luncheon featuring Chancellor Joel Klein held on Thursday, October 5th at the Harvard Club, Chancellor Klein began his speech with an analogy of the leaky roof and the squeaky floor. He stated that there was a school located in uptown Harlem that had a leaky roof and a squeaky floor. One day a repair man came to repair the floor and the custodian stated that the floor cannot be fixed prior to the roof being fixed to which the repairman replied â€Å"That’s not my concern, I am just here for the floor†. The Chancellor began his speech with that story to underscore the problems with the NYC Education system. He believes that everyone wants to fix the underlying problems without addressing the issues at the surface. The Chancellor’s story may be applied to the case of IS 166 and any other school in need of improvement. Many observers and parents are often led to believe that their children are primarily the problem in achieving higher scores and possibly that their children lack the intellect to truly analyze or process the information given to them. However, it is just as important for the heads of the respective schools to be cognizant of what is needed to improve these scores and the principal is just the person to ensure this. Therefore, before implementing a program, we have recommended that Principal Maria Ortega participate in a briefing session lasting approximately one month in the summer—right after the end of the school year and before the hiring season begins—for at least 4 hours a day, three days a week. According to reports of comprehensive school reforms in Chicago and Louisiana, the schools’ academic success was primarily attributed to the principals in charge and the contributions they made throughout the reforms. In one report, it stated that â€Å"highly effective schools communicated expectations for teachers. The principal was active in working to improve teacher skills; ineffective teachers were let go. † Moreover, the principals played an important role in four areas a) selection and replacement of teachers; b) classroom monitoring and feedback; c) support for improvement of individual teachers; and d) allocating and protecting academic time (Good et al, 2005, 2207). Therefore, implementing a program or briefing session solely for Principal Ortega would help her improve in all these areas. Principals, under Chancellor Klein’s tenure, have been given more empowerment opportunities and have more responsibilities to ensure the success of their schools. IS 166 has been categorized as a Title I School In Need of Improvement (SINI) under the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) and as such, Principal Ortega has to work harder than ever to improve the english, math, and science scores—subjects that are integral to a student’s academic success. The program we have suggested will illustrate to Principal Ortega that math, in particular, cannot be taught in the traditional manner, that is, using rote. In fact, the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) advocates the development of an inquiry-based mathematics tradition. Students taught using this tradition are encouraged to explore, develop conjectures, prove, and problem solve (Manswell Butty, 2001, 20). Students are best able to absorb the material in not only math and science but other subjects if the teachers are able to present it in an interesting manner that entails connections to the outside world. Principal Ortega should also be familiarized with the requirements for the exams and then know exactly how the staff should approach student preparation. She should also ensure that with respect to math, she adheres to the recommendations Lyle V. Jones reiterated in his article entitled â€Å"Achievement Trends in Math and Science† in which it was stated: ? Only teachers who like mathematics should teach mathematics ? The chief objective of school mathematics should be to instill confidence ? Mathematics teaching must be based on both contemporary mathematics and modern pedagogy (Jones, 1988, 333). After completion of this program, and hopefully with a better understanding of what is needed to improve the scores at IS 166, the next step would be to address the teaching staff. As noted, the methodology used is integral to ensuring that the students comprehend, absorb, and analyze the information being disseminated. If they fail to process the information then they will ultimately perform poorly in the state exams and possibly continue to do so throughout high school. We recommend prior to the beginning of the academic year, and the implementation of the after-school program, that teachers, specifically, the math teachers enroll in a summer institute similar to one reported in an article entitled, â€Å"Toward a Constructivist Perspective: The Impact of a Math Teacher InService Program on Students†. The reason being is that the teaching of math more so than science requires certain techniques that are far from the traditional methods that most teachers employ. The summer institute in the report offered participating teachers intensive two-week summer institutes and weekly classroom follow-up during one academic year. Moreover, they received an opportunity to reexamine their ideas about the teaching and learning of mathematics. During the summer institutes, these teachers experienced mathematics classes in which they were encouraged to construct solutions and ideas and to communicate them to a group. They analyzed student understandings as revealed in interviews and they planned lessons which reflected their evolving ideas about mathematics learning and teaching (Simon and Schifter, 1993, 331). Teachers need to plan their lessons in such a manner as to engage the students so that they may effectively communicate their thoughts or problems with a particular issue. In fact, after completion of the summer institute, and after the teachers began using their newfound techniques, the results were noteworthy and ranged from students stating that â€Å"it’s fun to work math problems† to â€Å"I’d rather do math than any other kind of homework† to â€Å"I like to explain how I solved a problem†(Simon and Schifter, 1993, 333). Therefore, using the above referenced example, the summer institute that we propose for the math teachers will last approximately three weeks in the summer and it would begin approximately mid-August prior to the beginning of the academic year. This program would be mandated by the principal and would include veteran staff members as well new ones brought on board. Another factor that teachers have to take into consideration is the population they cater to during the academic year. IS 166 consists of predominantly black and Hispanic students residing in East New York and its surrounding environs, thereby, making them not only an â€Å"in need† group in terms of grades but an â€Å"at risk† group in terms of their backgrounds and predisposition to engage in illicit activities. Many believe teaching techniques are generic and if they are employed in one school then they may be applicable in another. However, studies have shown that minority children in low income neighborhoods require a different set of techniques employed. According to Manswell Butty, African-American children have further been identified as favoring four learning styles a) person-centered, b) affective, c) expressive, and movement oriented (Butty, 2001, 23). Therefore, teachers need to use laboratory or group exercises, discussion sessions, or instructional uses of music and the visual and dramatic arts, especially when those pedagogical techniques promote Black students’ greater academic involvement, interest, and performances (Butty, 2001, 23). However, this is not a generalization implying that all minority children respond to this technique but most will probably respond positively. Therefore, teachers must be made aware of the group of children that they are dealing with and ensure that they employ the above referenced techniques to garner success. In fact, there are Learning through Teaching in an After-School Pedagogical Laboratories (L-TAPL) in California and New Jersey, which not only offer a program for elementary students but also serves as a practice-rich professional development for urban teachers. The program aims to improve the achievement of urban students and the competence of their teachers (Foster et al, 2005, 28). According to the Foster article, numerous studies, policies, and programs have addressed the persistent problem of underachievement among poor urban students and its array of possible causes. The NCLB links teacher quality to improved student achievement, especially among low-income urban children of color. Consequently, improving teacher quality has become one of the hallmarks of current reform efforts (Foster et al, 2005, 28). These laboratories groom future urban teachers to deal with students similar to the target population at IS 166. And as such, as an alternative to our summer institute, the teachers are free to enroll in the program offered by this lab in New Jersey. Therefore, taking into account the above referenced studies, improving teacher quality is of utmost importance when taking into consideration the improvement of math and science scores. All of the above has brought us to the most important element of the study establishing an after-school program. Establishing an After-school Program-Resources Funding Under the NCLB Act, Title I schools, such as IS 166 that are listed as Schools In Need of Improvement, have failed to reach student achievement targets that have been set for every school. This means the school has failed to meet state proficiency level for all students in English Language Arts, Mathematics, Science and/or high schools graduation rate. Schools falling in the above referenced category may be eligible for Supplemental Educational Services (SES). SES include free after-school/weekend remedial help or tutoring services. The SES provision offers providers an opportunity to offer low-income children, who may be struggling in school, extra academic help and individual instruction. Through SES, innovative leaders and educators can start a new tutoring program or expand an existing one to serve more students (New York City Department of Education). However, instead of using an SES provider—which in some cases the DOE will offer contracts of over a million dollars to provide services to various schools—we will request additional funding that would have been used to acquire an SES provider to establish the after-school program by ourselves with the assistance of The After-school Corporation (TASC). TASC is renowned for establishing successful after-school programs and have no contract with the DOE and thus, are not labeled SES Providers. In addition to wanting to establish a program using solely school staff, it is important to note, that there have been several complaints about SES providers and most are being investigated either by the Special Commissioner of Investigation for the New York City School District or the Office of Special Investigation and in the best interest of the target population, we have decided to forego those providers. Therefore, the funding used from SES will be used to offer per session rates for the teachers participating in the program as well as pay for the consultant from TASC. The funding will also be used to acquire additional supplies such as the KidzMath program which is highly popular and is used around the country to get students interested in math and to improve scores. Funding will also be used to secure additional bus transportation from the Office of Pupil Transportation as well as food and refreshments for the children. Staffing and Facilities The program will be housed in the school recreation room and so there will be no need to rent a facility to do so. The program will be supervised by the TASC consultant who will preferably be someone from the community who is familiar with the target population and can easily relate to their situation. The principal and assistant principal will take turns observing the classes and ensuring that the teachers and participants are abiding by the rules. The teachers will be eighth grade math and science teachers who deal with the target population on a daily basis and who are familiar with the problems they are experiencing. Additionally, the teachers will be assisted by high school students who are well versed in the subject areas, who have been recruited from neighboring high schools and would like to add an after-school tutoring activity to their resume. Therefore, these students will not be paid but will use the after-school program as a learning experience. Participants The students participating in the program will be chosen based on their past academic performance in grades six and seven and failure to show any signs of improvement. To reiterate, this program is geared specifically for eighth grade students, ages 14-16 years old, and will begin a month into the beginning of the academic year towards the end of September early October after the students and teachers have settled in the new semester. Letters will be sent to the parents at the beginning of the academic year notifying them of their child’s progress and advising them that the program is mandatory if they are to improve and move on to high school (the letters will be followed up by phone calls). While the school has no recourse if a student fails to attend even though it has been marked mandatory, offering a voluntary program usually encourages those that are really not in need of it to participate and those that do need it usually don’t. The parents will be informed of the structure of the program and the fact that transportation will be provided so that their children will be taken home safely after the program. In fact, parents who may not be working full time or at all will be encouraged to observe or participate in another session that will help them to understand what their child needs to improve. The session, which will last as long as the tutoring session, will more than likely be conducted by the assistant principal or a math/science staff member and will give the parent an opportunity to be truly acquainted with the activities being conducted. This program may also be helpful to them as well as some of these parents lack the basic educational skills that are necessary to obtain a job. Activities and Schedule Based on successful programs in Arkansas, the after-school program we will establish will mirror these successful programs and therefore, the program will entail classes of one and a half hours each day, Monday through Thursday between the hours of 3pm and 4:30pm. Mondays and Wednesdays will be dedicated to math and Tuesdays and Thursdays will be dedicated to science. The sessions will be divided into 40 minute periods during which the first period will be dedicated to the teacher illustrating the subject material and the second period will be dedicated to the students participating in groups and working together to complete the work presented in the first period. The students will get a ten-minute break during which they will receive refreshments. In the Camden School District in Arkansas, school officials credited the success of the after-school programs to the schools being released from the â€Å"Adequate Yearly Progress† (AYP) status under the NCLB Act (Arkansas Advocates for Children & Families, 2006). Throughout the course of the program, teachers will be encouraged not to utilize the same material or techniques used on a daily basis. The teachers will be reminded that the program is geared towards individuals who have a negative attitude toward the subjects which may be as a result of not only failure to comprehend the material but also the teacher’s emphasis on traditional methods. Therefore, the program will forego any emphasis on memorization, computation, and equation and will focus on modeling and real world problem solving. Engaging in group work, especially in math, has proven to be successful and will be the focus of the program. According to Jones, group work differs from cooperative learning in its lesser emphasis on the teacher as instructor and its greater dependence on students teaching other students. Moreover, cooperative learning procedures as dependent first on instruction by the teacher, then on practice engaged in actively by members of an established student team (often of four team members), has evidence that supports the efficacy of the approach to elevate not only achievement but also self-esteem, interpersonal effectiveness and interracial harmony (Jones, 1988, 328). Therefore, the students will work together in groups over the period of the academic year and will be exposed to hands-on experiences, games, and projects. KidzMath should really be a good stimulant and with the assistance of the teachers, the students should be motivated. Teachers will also be encouraged to maintain a weekly progress report which will ultimately be used to assess the program’s progress. Another aspect of the program would entail having the Principal establishing stronger ties with the community and getting more community leaders involved by dropping by the after-school program to give advice and encouragement to the students. Students are not only stimulated by various activities that are outside of the norm of the regular classroom but are also stimulated by role models or individuals they deem to be successful from their part of the neighborhood. According to a report done on the Chicago School Reform, the schools that experienced major changes and improvements were led by principals who were strong veteran leaders with good relationships with their local school councils and the community (Hess, Jr. , 1999, 79). Additionally, incentives can also be offered for the students in the program which will encourage their continued participation and potential success and can range from visits to museums or amusement parks if they have showed slight improvements. While these children who performed poorly are from low income families, and a reduction in poverty rates might have a salutary effect on measured school achievement, according to Lyle V. Jones, the influence of poverty on educational achievement may be ameliorated by introducing school-parent programs to improve academic conditions in the home. After reviewing nearly 3,000 investigations of productive factors in learning concludes that such programs have an outstanding record of success in promoting achievement (Jones, 1988, 327). Explanation of Logic Model Inputs: consist of the fundamental resources—human and capital—that the program needs in order for it to achieve its goals. These resources consist of funding for per session rates for the teachers, payment for the TASC Consultant, supplies such as KidzMath, transportation, and refreshments. The most important resources needed are the children to whom the program is directed. Activities: Once the fundamental resources are in place, the schedule has been established and the techniques for teaching have been agreed upon, then the after-school program will proceed as planned throughout the academic year. The sessions will be conducted four days a week, Mondays and Wednesdays, for math and Tuesdays and Thursdays for science lasting 1. 5 hrs each period. The sessions will entail a great deal of group work and collaboration along with potential visits from community leaders and role models. Outputs: Upon implementation of the program, it is important to ascertain if the program is reaching its target population, if the services provided are being done in the manner discussed and if the population are benefiting or if they have any concerns those will be noted throughout the assessment. This will be done by conducting site visits, performing observations and conducting surveys. Outcomes: If the program is successful in achieving its goals, then the immediate goals will see the students passing their in-class tests and ultimately the state exams—which has been the focal issue with the school and the reason for the Title I status under the NCLB Act. The long-term goals include the participants of the program actually going on to high school and possibly even college. From that point onward, if students succeed in college, they may even pursue challenging careers thereby improving their socio-economic status. The reason the logic diagram is done in a cyclical manner is to demonstrate that if the program is successful and the students do improve significantly, then the school may be eligible for the same amount or a higher amount of funding which they can use to increase their resources for the input phase for the upcoming academic year. PROGRAM PROCESS Once the program has been implemented, it is important to ascertain if the services are in fact being delivered as planned and if the participants are learning with the teachers employing the new techniques as discussed. In order to do this, we will conduct an observational study as fashioned from the TASC’s site visit procedures in addition to teacher and parental surveys to see if they have noted any differences in the children participating in the program. This assessment will be done halfway throughout the semester at approximately the end of January which will also coincide with the first set of state exams (students also take these exams towards the end of the academic year-approximately June). The assessment will begin with a two-person team (my colleague and I) visiting the after-school’s program for two days a week, for a total of two weeks—one day for math and the other for science. The visit will include an interview with the principal and assistant principal (who, as noted before, would have taken turns monitoring the program). There will be 90 minute observations including the 10 minute break to see how the children are behaving and the teachers’ interaction with them accordingly. The assessment will look at three of the five primary factors as fashioned from TASC’s rating on project activities: Staff-directing relationship-building ?Staff use positive behavior management techniques ?Staff show positive affect toward youth ?Staff attentively listen to and/or observe youth ?Staff encourage youth to share their ideas, opinions, and concerns Staff strategies for skill-building and mastery ?Staff verbally recognize youth’s efforts and accomplishments ? Staff assist youth without taking control ?Staff ask youth to expand upon their answers and ideas ?Staff challenge youth to move beyond their current level of competency ? Staff plan for/ask youth to work together ?Staff employ two or more teaching strategies Activity content and structure ?The activity is well organized ?The activity challenges students intellectually, creatively, and/or physically ? The activity requires analytic thinking The observers will rate each indicator on a scale from 1 to 5 where 1 meant that the indicator was not evident during the observation period and a 5 meant that the indicator was highly evident and consistent. These ratings will provide a systematic method for the observation team to quantify its observations of the factors that contribute to the possible success of the program (TASC Catalog of Publication and Reports, 2005, 3). The assessment will also ask teachers to document any changes they have observed in their students’ behavior throughout the program. This will be extracted from a weekly progress report that they were encouraged to write at the commencement of the program. This will give us an idea if the students have made any progress in the eyes of the educators. The last assessment will be done with the parents who will be asked their views of the program. The questions will include but not be limited to: ?Is the program meeting your expectations? ?Do you see any noticeable changes in your child’s progress? Does your child show any more interest in math or science? ?Do you feel you have benefited from observing or partaking in the informative sessions conducted by the principal or staff? ?Are you satisfied with the transportation provided? These questions will receive ratings from 1-5 as noted above and will give us an overall idea of the process of the structure. We can use the res ults of the assessment to facilitate mid-term improvements before the conclusion of the program. The results can also be used for future improvements should the after-school program enter its second academic year. CONCEPTUALIZATION AND OPERATIONALIZATION OF PROGRAM OUTCOMES The goal of this study is to determine the impact of an after-school program on improving the scores of low performing eighth grade students in IS 166. Therefore, the hypothesis is eighth grade Math and Science students who have performed below average in state exams are more than likely to improve their grades in both subjects after enrolling and completing the year long after-school program. In this case, the independent variable would be the after-school program and the dependent variable would be the overall improvement in grades. Independent Variable: After-school Program The after-school program (in this project) may be conceptualized as any academic activity that takes place outside of the mandated school hours that is geared towards the improvement of a child’s academic achievement in a specific subject area. It may be operationalized by examining the responses from the observations conducted in the assessment phase which were based on five primary factors ranging from staff-directing relationship building to staff strategies for skill-building and mastery to activity content and structure. Under each category there are various indicators which will be rated on a scale from 1 to 5 where 1 is meant that the indicator was not evident during the observation period and a 5 meant that the indicator was highly evident and consistent. Dependent Variable: Overall Improvement in Grades Overall improvement in grades may be conceptualized as a notable or significant increase which may be anywhere from 15-20% in the in-class and state scores. The increase in scores would hopefully translate into passing grades. Improvement in grades can be operationalized by examining both the in-class and state test scores and comparing both to the previous year’s scores and as such, we can begin to measure some sort of success based on the increase in the scores. It should be noted that while the overall improvement in grades is the primary dependent variable on which the focus is placed, there are other variables that should be taken into account, however, due to the constraints of this paper, they will be mentioned briefly. They are but not limited to: improvement in student attitudes—that is the effect the after-school program has had on their approach to the subjects. Do the students now have a positive attitude towards the subject after improving their ability to process and analyze the new information provided? Also, there is the parental support aspect which must be taken into consideration. Did the after-school program increase parental awareness, that is, making parents aware of what students need to excel in both subjects? Do parents now know how to assist or provide support for their children in these subject areas? Assessing Program Impact—Strategy In order to determine if the after-school program had an effect on overall Math and Science scores, a randomized control-group pretest and posttest design will be conducted. (Please note that steps 1-3 would have been done prior to the implementation of the after-school program). The following steps will be followed in order to execute this test: 1) Students will be selected from the eighth grade roster by random methods, specifically, randomly choosing social security numbers from the database. ) The students with social security numbers ending in even numbers will be assigned to the treatment group (X)—the after-school program, while the students with social security numbers ending with odd numbers will be placed in the nontreatment group (Y). 3) An in-class test similar to that given at the state level will be administered to both groups to ascertain their scores—the dependent variable. The scores will be added for both the ex perimental and control group. 4) After totaling the scores, the experimental phase will begin. Both groups will be exposed to the same conditions with the exception of the experimental group (X) who will have the experimental treatment—the after-school program for the academic year. 5) After the experimental group has completed the after-school program, both groups will be evaluated again using an in-class test similar to the one given in the pre-testing period. Once again, the scores will be added for both the experimental and control group. 6) The scores between the pre-testing period and the post-testing period will be calculated to establish the difference. ) The difference in the scores will be compared to determine if the after-school program (the treatment) was associated with a change favoring the experimental group over the control group—who did not participate in the after-school program. 8) A statistical test will be used to determine whether the difference in the scores is truly significant—that is, if the difference is large enough to reject t he null hypothesis that the difference is simply a chance occurrence. According to Stephen Isaac in his book, â€Å"Handbook in Research and Evaluation† nternal validity gains strength with the randomized design because extraneous variables are controlled since they affect both groups equally (Isaac, 1971, 39). To elaborate, extraneous variables such as differential selection is controlled by random selection methods. Maturation and pre-testing effects occur equally for all groups, differential mortality can be assessed for nonrandom patterns, and statistical regression is controlled when extreme scorers from the same population are randomly assigned to groups (statistical regression will occur but it will occur equally with all groups) (Isaac, 1971, 39). The disadvantages to this design are to be found in the within-session variations during which time the experimental and control groups are tested and treated separately. There may be differences in room conditions, personalities of teachers, or wording of instructions. According to Isaac, the students should be tested individually or in small groups, randomly assigning subjects, times, and places to experimental and control conditions. The effects of any unwanted situational factors are thus randomly distributed among the subgroups, allowing them to be ignored (Isaac, 1971, 39). Isaac further states that to control for within-session instrument differences, it is necessary also to assign mechanical instruments, teachers, observers and raters to sessions—or preferably to a single session. Ideally, if observers or judges are involved, they should remain unaware of which groups are being used for control or experimental purposes, since they may have subtle biases that could influence their observations. REFERENCES Andreatta, Dave. â€Å"Math Concerns Are Adding Up† New York Post, October 12, 2006: 11 Arkansas Advocates for Children & Families (2006). After-school programs in Arkansas: A solution whose time has come. Little Rock, AR author Accessed on 10/29/2006 http://www. arkleg. state. ar. us/data/education/ Birmingham, Jennifer, Pechman, Ellen M. , Russell, Christina A. , and Monica Mielke. â€Å"Shared Features of High-Performing After-School Programs: A follow-up to the TASC Evaluation† TASC Catalog of Publications and Reports, November 2005. Accessed on 11/2/2006 Domanico, Raymond. State of the NYC Public Schools 2002† Civic Report-Manhattan Institute for Policy Research. March 2002, # 26. Accessed on 10/16/2006 Elias, Maurice. â€Å"Middle School Transition: It’s Harder Than You Think-Making The Transition to Middle School Successful† Middle Matters, Winter 2001: 1-2 Accessed on 10/19/2006 Foster, Michele, Lewis, Jeffrey and Laura Onafowora. â€Å"Grooming Great Urban Teachers† Educational Leadership, March 2005, (62) 6 : 28-32. Good, Thom as, L. , Legg Burross, Heidi, and Mary M. McCaslin. Comprehensive School Reform: A Longitudinal Study of School Improvement in One State† Teachers College Record, October 2005, (107) 10: 2205-2226. Hess, Jr. , G. Alfred. â€Å"Understanding Achievement (and other) changes under Chicago School Reform† Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, Spring 1999, (21) 1: 67-83. Isaac, Stephen (1971). Handbook in Research and Evaluation. San Diego: EDITS Publishers Jones, Lyle V. â€Å"Schooling in Mathematics and Science and What Can Be Done to Improve Them† Review of Research in Education, 1988-1989, (15): 307-341. Manswell Butty, Jo-Anne L. â€Å"Teacher Instruction, Student Attitudes and Mathematics Performance among 10th and 12th grade Black and Hispanic Students† The Journal of Negro Education, Winter-Spring 2001, (70) ? : 19-37. 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