Discuss how The Heart of Darkness reflects the paradoxes of Essay

Discuss how The Heart of Darkness reflects the paradoxes of imperialism in the late 19th century - Essay Example The first paradox of Heart of Darkness refers to how the civilising mission of imperialism resulted to the dehumanisation of the colonisers. When waging imperialism, Europeans asserted their moral, social, and intellectual ascendancy, as they aimed to civilise all that is brute and different from their culture. Conrad shows, however, that the Western imperialist man has lost his heart to the darkness of imperialism. Maritime Hennard Dutcheil De La Rochere argues that Conrad uses the body of Africa as a trope for the ironic effects of European civilisation on colonised countries. De La Rochere asserts: â€Å"†¦[the] central idea†¦ the civilising mission [is] a spiritual and moral cure, is radically undermined through an ironic literalisation of the trope†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (186). Imperialism sees itself as a cure, which must be directly applied to the heart of Africa to cure it of its backwardness. The paradox is that the cure harmed the â€Å"doctors† too. In the case of Kurtz, he became consumed of his desire for wealth, so that he would be worthy of his Intended. Imperialism, nevertheless, does not cure the uncivilised, but destroys the civilised and their notion of morality. Kurtz engages in immoral acts of waging wars with other tribes to acquire their ivories. Ivories are expensive; they are the symbols of wealth and power. The concept of a new life whets Marlow’s appetite for adventure and fortune too. Despite the skirmish with the natives, he desires to see Kurtz to find out the truth. When he learns the truth, he regrets it. Imperialism stains people’s very core, their very soul. William Atkinson argues the horror of imperialism (374) that Conrad criticises. Wealth and power consumes Kurtz’s humanity. He is sick, not only because of living in a strange land, but more so because of the sickness of being an imperialist tool for human exploitation. The horror that captivates his last moments on earth is his horror and the horror of every European who sets foot on foreign lands to abuse the natives and their resources. The second paradox is that imperialism do not truly civilise the natives, but produces the counter-effect of large-scale dehumanisation that mars both native and Western civilisations. Dehumanisation occurs because of racial prejudice. Hunt Hawkins believes that Conrad criticises imperialism’s goals and means. When Marlow gets the first glimpse of the company's chief accountant’s clean appearance, he appreciates it as a â€Å"miracle† (Conrad 15). The miracle is an unsound image because miracles are holy. Later, as the accountant makes â€Å"correct entries of perfectly correct transactions† (Conrad 16), with the sick agent on his bed and a few feet away, Africans suffer in â€Å"grove of death† (Conrad 16), Conrad is disgusted. A clean outer experience does not have meaning when inside it is a cold soul. Another form of dehumanisation can be seen in t he effects of imperialism. Instead of curing people, Europeans impregnated them with capitalist ideas that destroyed their collectivist way of life. De La Rochere underscores that the â€Å"†¦embodiment of the jungle emphasises the human suffering this ‘civilising mission’ inflicts† (186). Instead of developing the minds and virtues of the natives, the whites only corrupted them with their materialistic and individualistic concerns

Legal Scenarios Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Legal Scenarios - Case Study Example Parties to a contract of employment cannot alter the nature of the contract by simply putting a label on it. In this scenario, ‘indicia’ conspicuously balance the relationship in favor of an employment. To begin with, the level of control exerted by Big Time over Glenn suggests an employee. The more the control exercised by one party over the other, the more the relationship weighs in favor of a contract of services. The exercise of control over the way in which work is carried out, and degree of such control are to be examined and applied as prominent distinguishing factors (Abdalla, Abraham v. Viewdaze Pty Ltd (2003)122 IR par. 23). The control test looks not only whether it is the employer who dictates what is to be done, but also the means of doing it, when it is to be done and where it is to be done (Employment Status, p.9). Big Time exercises great control over Glenn, in that it dictates the destination of the products, while Glenn is required to follow instruction s. The second ‘indicia’ relates to the right to delegate. In Express and Echo Publications Ltd v. Tanton [1999] IRLR 367, the court held that a wide power of substitution is inconsistent with a contract of services. The general rule is however not absolute. ... y, Sargeant and Jefferson, 2013, p.17).In this scenario, Glenn has a limited power to delegate given that he must seek prior consent from the management of Big time. The manager was not obliged to accept every request, and could, therefore, dictate when Glenn could delegate. The third indicium rests to the fact that Glenn used his own truck and tools to do the work. Where an employee provides his own tools of trade, the relationship is more likely to be one for services (Abdalla, Abraham v Viewdaze Pty Ltd). Nevertheless, not every instance that an employee provides their own tools that the balance tilts in favor of independent contractors. In Hollis v Vabu Pty Ltd (2001) 207 CLR 21 the court considered that bicycles that the workers provided are not tools that could be used exclusively for the courier work that they had been contracted. Similarly in this scenario, a truck cannot be used exclusively for delivery of fresh produces exclusively. However, it is material if Glenn had adap ted the truck for delivery purposes only. The fourth ‘indicia’ arise from the fact that Glenn is required to make his own arrangements for taxation purposes. If the employer deducts tax on a PAYE basis, it is an indication of a contract of services. It follows that where the worker makes his own tax arrangements, the relationship is more likely to be one of an independent contractor. However, not all relationships where the worker makes his own tax arrangement are a contract for services as in Federal Commissioner of Tax v J Walter Thompson (1944) 69 CLR 227. Finally, the other indicia concern the bearer of a financial risk in case of a loss. Where the employer bears the risk of any financial loss or injury that arises in the course of the worker discharging his duties, the contract is

Relationship Of Employee Voice And Employee Performance

Relationship Of Employee Voice And Employee Performance Human resource is a very essential part of any company and the people within the company play a very important role. This paper aims at analyzing the relationship of employee voice in an organization and the employee performance. The paper will firstly deal with the various methods that the employees can express themselves and be heard. This will be followed by the importance of employee voice, and the various views that have been presented by authors about the importance. A thorough analysis of the impact of employee voice on the performance has also been made. Employee Voice: Over the years, there has been a high interest in the notion of employee voice both in terms of higher levels of performance and also better employee representation (Beardwell 1998, Sako 1998, Benson 2000; Roche, 2000). There has been a vast amount of literature that has been set down on the topic of Voice. A study by Professor Margaret has highlighted that collective voice achieves what the lone voice could never do: it humanises and civilises the workplace, arguing that collective representation is the foundation of a partnership relationship that brings positive benefits for business (Prosser, 2001). There have been several different meanings that have been set down for the term Employee voice. Each definition and explanation of the terms has provided a different view on the purpose and underlying meaning of employee voice and the need of one rather than an individual voice. For an organisation to develop and be successful it is essential there is a freedom to speak and participat e for all employees. The twentieth century has seen numerous initiatives to involve employees and has also tried to promote better performance. According to Lavelle, Gunnigle and McDonnell, have defined employee voice as, as any type of mechanism, structure or practice, which provides an employee with an opportunity to express an opinion or participate in decision-making within their organization (Lavelle, Gunnigle and McDonnell, 2010). Employee voice can be distinguished into two main types, Direct Voice: this refers to any mode of mechanism where the employees can directly involve and work with the management in various aspects like their jobs. Work environment, teams, appraisal systems, and even the meetings between the employees and the managers. Here most of the involvement of the employees is through the individual themselves rather than via any other intermediate. Indirect Voice: This form of voice is one where there is a collective employee representation and these include representation like trade unions, non union structures of collective representations like work councils, and consultative committees. There are several different mechanisms that are available for employee voice within an organization. According to the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development, the various mechanisms of employee voice can be classified into two main headings, a) Upward Problem Solving and b) Representative Participation. These two also fall into the above categories that have been discussed, i.e. direct and indirect voice. The CIPD has also brought out the various mechanisms that are complementary to employee voice and these are as discussed below: Upward problem-solving or Direct Method: This refers to any technique that is adopted by the managers to gain the ideas of the employees and also to gain an opinion of the employees, This allows for a two way communication and it encourages the employees to participate by setting up through communication systems. Here the communication is more between the individual employee and the managers rather than with any kind of representatives. There are numerous methods and techniques that can be used to allow this form of communication. One of the first methods that can be used is the Electronic media. This allows disseminating and also permits for ideas to be shared and provided using an online medium. Here as compared to the face to face medium, there is very less interaction and all questions and proposals are sent out using emails. The other form of communication is a two way communication, where the staff and managers can get together and discuss their views and opinions on various is sues. These are mostly in the form of regular meeting and these not only allow for improved issue management but also work on the improvement of performance of the team as such. Here employees can suggest problem solving for issues that are faced or even discuss ideas to improve the processes. Another very famous and presently adopted method is the suggestion schemes. These allow the people to discuss and make suggestion and contribute to the growth of the team. Here however there are incentives for the contributors if the suggestions are accepted and implemented. Another very effective form of encouraging the employee voice is using questionnaire surveys. Here the company can discover the levels of satisfaction of the staff particularly in terms of work and work environment. This is a very strong way of increasing the employee voice and being able to reach out to the employees. Another effective manner of direct communication includes the project teams. Here a group of people can b e brought together on a regular basis and the team can work on discussion of the quality of work within the organization. Representative Participation or Indirect Method: This form as mentioned is more of an indirect method. Here there is no interaction between the individual employee and the managers however are more based on the employee representative and the managers. A few of the possible methods that are used in companies include as follows. The partnership scheme is one where an emphasis is made on a mutual gain and a mutual gain and a tackling the issues and problems in a cooperative manner. Another form is referred to as joint consultation. This has been expressed as, to consider issues that are deemed to be of common interest or of key importance to the parties (CIPD, 2010). Also the last form is the collective representation. This is where employees negotiate and work together work towards the pay. Here they act as employee representatives. These mechanisms only permit a better chance for the employees to voice their requirements. There is a high need for the employee voice to be heard and these have a major impact on the performance of the company and the employee themselves. The next section will deal with the impact of providing employees with a chance to have their voice heard and how it would affect the working and performance of the employees. Impact on Employee Performance: As said very rightly by Dulewicz (1989), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ a basic human tendency to make judgements about those one is working with, as well as about oneself. It is noted that appraisals are inevitable and is universal. People evaluate how well a job is done to set performance standards. The process was linked to the material outcomes, i.e. if an employees performance is to less than ideal then there would be a cut in pay, however if the performance was better than the ideal level set by the supervisor, then there would be a rise in pay. In the current situation the definition of employee contribution is not only dependent on the output i.e. the end results achieved but also depends on the inputs by the employee i.e. what the employee is willing to contribute to the business. Several studies have highlighted that the performance of employees is based not only on the level of pay that they receive but also equally on the level of motivation which in turn is related directly to the level of motivation of the employees. The performance of a company and its relationship with the employee voice has been a topic of high debate over the last decade. The voices of the employees of a company affect the performance of the company directly. Performance here is in terms of two mains aspects, a) the employee performance and b) the company performance. These are inter related in a way that the better the employee performance the better will be the company performance. Human Resource Management mainly aims at ensuring that all aspects of employees from recruitment to retention are taken care of. The HR team would take all necessary steps to ensure that the employee performance is better. The HR has a very clear and very big affect on the performance of the company and t he employees, as they bare in some form a major point of contact for the employees (Boselie, Paauwe and Jansen, 2000). The HR has a direct influence on the performance of the company. Since the HR is responsible for recruitment and selection of the employees, it is completely dependent on the HR teams to select employees who would perform, also they are the ones who need to ensure that the employee needs and voice are heard and met and should also support the managers and the top management to encourage and hear the voices of the employees. This is mainly because employee performance is directly related to the needs of the employees and if an employee is not heard the employee can feel disheartened which would cause levels of distress. According to Beale (1994) employee involvement represents, a significant challenge to the traditional influence of trade unions in the workplace. Employee involvement programmes provide an alternative source of information, ideas and interpretation of workplace experiences, an alternative to that provided by the union. Employee involvement programmes actively promote a new culture in competition with the traditional explanations and culture communicated by the union (Beale, 1994). It is also essential to understand that irrespective of how much the management might try to avoid any form of unions or representative participation, the level of commitment is not seen to have increased. In the current times employees prefer to have a representative participation, i.e. part of unions, and other representative structures. Hence when a company does not allow or pay head to the employee voice through the indirect measures, it is seen that there is also a clear reduced commitment to work and lowered levels of motivation. It has also been explained by Storey and Sisson (1994), highlight the same point and explain that the enhanced worker commitment will reduce directly if the management attempts to overlook the unions and try to go in for a direct form of contact with the employees. Ackers, Marchington, Wilkinson and Dundon (2003) explain, On the other hand, where unions stand outside the EI [Employee involvement] initiative, their indifference or hostility may be a maj or reason for its failure. Social partnership theory suggests that union involvement can make EI [Employee involvement] work better, for both management and employees. The main intension of any firm is to have high performance working within the organization. Having high performance working in an organization is in a number of ways the opposite of the employment practices set down by Taylor. CIPD explain high performance working as, HPW can be characterised as everything that Taylorist employment practices are not. This is an unfair reflection on the substantial influence of F W Taylor on management thinking in the early part of the last century. However, HPW is the diametrical opposite of employment strategies based on short cycle times, skill minimization and one right way. This approach is appropriate to the high volume repetitive working usually associated with products and services sold on the basis of low cost and narrow range. HPW is better suited to product and service sectors that are at least concerned with mass customization and more often designed to meet the needs of individual customers (CIPD, 2010). Several authors over the years have provided several different views and notions on the topic of the relationship between employee voice and employee performance. Several authors also concentrate more on the direct voice effect. It has been studied that direct employee voice is relatively much more effective and than the indirect employee voice and shows higher, better and enhanced performance outcomes. Heller (1998) observed that high degrees of influence sharing are associated with a better quality and effectiveness of decisions and a significant reduction in the underuti ­lization of peoples experience and skills (p. 1439). Also Cotton et.al (1988) explains that in the case of direct voice, the employees tend to feel more satisfied and also gain a feel of involvement in the decision making. They also explain that when the employee influence is high, there is a higher level of group cohesion and the level of commitment to those decisions is noted to be enhanced and improved. In another research conducted by Bryson, Willman, Gomez, and Kretschmer (2007), the hypotheses has highlighted that there is a strong link between employee voice and HRM. This as mentioned earlier also has a direct impact on the employee and the performance of the employees. A research conducted by Freeman and Medoff (1984) and adapted Hirschmans (1970) model. Hirschmans (1970) model of exit voice has been the base of the research by Freeman and Medoff and this has mainly be done to link the union voice, higher levels of productivity and lower quit rates. Kim, MacDuffie Pil, (2009), explain, Without collective voice through the agency of worker representation, employees lack the incentive to pursue public goods, such as enhanced working conditions and workplace policies that affect the well-being of all employees, for example, grievance and arbitration procedures, just cause for discipline and discharge, and seniority clauses (Batt et al., 2002) (Kim, MacDuffie Pil, 2009). Conclusion: Based on the research and the extensive discussion that has been presented above, it is clear that the various researches that have been presented in the past it is clear that the relationship between the employee voice and productivity is ambiguous. Kim, MacDuffie Pil, (2009), explain, Union presence may lower labor productivity via restrictive work practices or lower firm investments due to lower firm profitability. On the other hand, it has also been noted that the union voice can also be associated with the adversarial relations within the industries and the if there is no clear flow of information between the workers and the management, there is also a clear lack of complete diversity in terms of the input of the workers. There have also been other findings from studies by Brown and Medoff, which suggest that the unions have a close relationship with the employee morale, needs, motivation and also cooperation (Metcalf, 2003). There have thus been several positive and negative v iews on this topic and there has not been any clear evidence on the certainty of the effect of employee voice on employee performance.

Excellence Redefined :: essays research papers

Excellence Redefined   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The 1980’s has been called the â€Å"me† generation, the decade of materialism, and was responsible for the greatest number of mergers and takeovers in the history of the US market. People were transformed by the power of money, and tried to take advantage of the opportunities in the stock market. The stock market has never guaranteed a profit, but there were those willing to take the risk. People have lost millions from speculating on what was supposed to be a â€Å"sure thing† in the stock market. People would bet their children’s college fund, and their retirement money on a stock tip, only to find bankruptcy the next day. But the growing desire for power and money caused people to achieve success by any means necessary, regardless of the legality. Ivan Boesky and Michael Milken bet their money, but they always seemed to win, even when others would lose. It turns out that they had many â€Å"sure things,† only with one problem : they were all illegal. Boesky and Milken characterize the rest of the financial world at the time, and Wall Street is the movie that exemplifies the such attitudes of the 1980’s from Oliver Stones accurate point of view.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Boesky and Milken had a great system. They would befriend executives in â€Å"blue chip† companies or merger and acquisition lawyers , hoping they would be given information regarding takeovers and mergers of companies before the common public. When Boesky and Milken received such information, they would strategically buy a massive amount shares in a particular company, and simply wait for the corporate announcement to drive the price of their stock up. In an effort to alleviate the Securities and Exchange Commission, Boesky and Milken spread their purchases over a period of time, and each was funded by different offshore and domestic banks to misrepresent the number of buyers. When a company would makes its corporate announcement about the merger, the public would then begin buying the shares, causing the price to skyrocket. Boesky and Milken had purchased the stock so long ago and at such a low price that their profit expectations were quickly met, so th ey wanted to sell everything they had at the same time everyone wanted to buy. Because they owned such a massive amount of stock, there was no liquidity in the market in the market as Boesky and Milken were willing to sell for much less than the market value, and their profits soon became the loss of the public.

Desperate Times Essay

After a series of measures to remedy the mortgage crisis that has beset the US economy, Ben Bernanke, chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve and his colleagues are once again looking at cutting the central bank’s key interest rate as they hope that lowering the interest rates will give the economy a boost by encouraging investors and consumers to borrow and spend (Associated Press, n. pag.). The Fed is looking at slashing the interest rate by a full percent however, many economist believe that this is not the appropriate remedy for economic conundrum (Gavin, n. pag).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to many analysts, the issue of the economy regarding the mortgage is the lack of confidence by both the lender and the borrower. Even as the Fed resorts to drastic interest cuts, the first time the central bank has cut a full percentage point in one shot since 1982, this provides little help if lenders are not loaning money out of fear they will not be repaid and the borrowers are reluctant to make loans since they are worried about losing jobs (Gavin, n. pag).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In a recent report by the Labor Department, private employers all over the country have cut jobs in each of the past three months. With consumer spending being responsible for over two-thirds of US economic activity, it is unlikely that the interest cut will have a significant effect in the economy (Gavin, n. pag).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Federal Reserve’s move to lower the interest rate aims to stimulate a loan frenzy. By lowering the interest rate, mortgages will be made available to borrowers at more affordable rates. The Fed hopes that the American consumers will once again be enticed to take mortgages and ultimately be able to revive the economy. However, this move is quite a long shot.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   First, the Fed is banking on the idea that a demand for mortgages will increase if the interest rates are cut. Although this is what a change in demand means in elementary economics, it seems, however that the Fed failed to factor in the trend of the US housing market. According to reports the house prices are continuously plunging while the cases of mortgage defaults and foreclosures are increasing. These causes the investors and more importantly the lenders to lose confidence in the economy (Gavin, n. pag).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Second, this is not the first time the Fed lowered the interest rate. Since last September, the Federal Reserve has cut the interest rate for a total of six times, with the reductions becoming more aggressive since January (Associated Press, n. pag.) and this raises a valid concern. Although the Fed has its own army of experts, this interest-slashing spree might reach the point of diminishing returns if the consumers do not respond favorably to these drastic measures.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Last, the Federal Reserve is not really addressing the issue of confidence by cutting the interest rates. One of the biggest reasons why the consumers are reluctant in acquiring mortgages is the fact that private corporations nationwide are practicing massive lay-offs. Lenders on the other hand are gripped by distrust as the business is beset with bad debts (Gavin, n. pag). In both cases, this breeds an atmosphere of fear and doubt which affects the borrowers likelihood of acquiring mortgages and the lenders willingness to approve loans out of fear they will not be repaid.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Personally, the Fed would have been better off if it had taken measures that would have addressed the issue of employment and bad debt. Works Cited Associated Press. â€Å"Fed cuts key rates three-quarters of a point.† March 18, 2008. The msnbc website. 27 March 2008. Gavin, Robert. â€Å"Economic quicksand.† March 18, 2008. The Boston Globe website. 27 March 2008.  

Benefits in Youth Football

Since the creation of man, sports have had a tremendous role in the way people live their lives. From the time we are born, until our elderly age, most of us are involved in some way with sports. Whether it is a scrimmage game of soccer at recess in elementary school, playing on the varsity athletic team or simply watching the Olympics or sporting events on television, sports have an influential role in our everyday lives. The outstanding popularity of the sports industry has profoundly affected youth sports organizations that an estimated twenty-six million children ages six through eighteen participate in at least one school or community based athletic program (Smith & Smoll, 1997). Well structured sport programs can provide youths with opportunities to participate in activities that have immediate and long term benefits, both psychologically, physically, and socially (Willox, 1994). A large psychological benefit of sport participation is that sports can boost the self esteem of the people participating. The self-esteem of children is boosted when parents, coaches, and other teammates give the child positive feedback and show a sense of pride in what the child has accomplished (Bilich, 2006). Numerous studies have shown that girls who participate in physical activity such as sports are more likely to have more positive feelings of self-worth/self-esteem and a more positive body image than girls who are not very physically active in sports (USA Football, 2006). This feedback is also important because it encourages young competitors to view success as achieving their own realistic goals, rather than depending on winning as the main reason for success. This psychological benefit of self esteem in many cases goes along with academic performance. A study conducted by Hardiness Research of Wyoming found that by a 2:1 ratio for boys and a 3:1 ratio for girls, those who participate in sports perform better in school, do not drop out and have a better chance to get through college (USA Football, 2006). Young athletes can learn to handle misfortune, whether its picking themselves up after losing a big game or not getting as many minutes in as they wanted and can learn to find ways to deal with losing and go on, because there's another game in a couple days, next week or even next year. These youths can learn to figure out what to do to get what they want for themselves and they learn to realize that if they put in extra time on fitness or work on specific weaknesses in their game they can obtain personal goals. Kids who interpret heir involvement on a task as successful persist and their motivation to be involved remains high (Anshel, 2003). This type of attitude behavior can be used on the field and off the field such as a classroom setting. High quality sports programs in public housing locations can significantly reduce the number of behavioral and emotional disorders in children and teens that live out there in low poverty social class neighborhoods. Participation in sports help emotionally disturbed teens become more confident, more expressive, and more independent (Bilich, 2006). If you take into account the inner city kids that don't have a parent there to make them get up and go to school then sports may be the deciding factor for them. A study done by the Women's Sports Foundation found that girls who participate in sports are 80 percent less likely to have unwanted pregnancies and 92 percent less likely to get involved with drugs than those who don't participate in sports (USA Football, 2006). Finally physically disabled youth who have taken part in sports have shown improvements in self esteem, self concept, and self acceptance. This is important because a youth who is physically disabled has every right to play a sport just like a youth who is physically healthy and almost every sport out there can be modified to allow participation by someone with a disability. Also across the country, sports programs such as the Special Olympics that are designed for children and adults who wish to compete against others with mobility and vision impairments are growing in number (Devine, McGovern & Hermann, 1998). This is a large boost in the physically disabled youth's self-esteem because that youth knows that their participation in sport allows them the opportunity to advance in sport just like a healthy youth can. Physical activity is essential for children; therefore sport participation has many physical benefits for youths (Willox, 1994). In the United States there is a very unhealthy trend of physically unfit children going on. According to a recent study by the Harvard School of Public Health seven out of ten kids in our nation are out of shape and the incidence of obesity has increased by more than 50 percent among America's children and teen since 1976 and continues to grow at a staggering rate (Metzel & Shookhoff, 2006). When children participate in sports activities they get some of the exercise they need to improve their quality of life and can help prevent children from becoming obese. Physical activity regulates obesity because it increases energy expenditure, suppresses ppetite, increases metabolic rate, and increases lean body mass (Willox, 1994). Even though regular physical sport activity has been shown to improve physical fitness, it can also help in preventing many different health problems down the line that youths who participate in sports are more likely not to develop than youths who do not participate in sports. Women who participated in organized sport and fitness programs as children ha ve significantly higher done densities as adults than women who were not active as children (McCulloch, 1990). Some long term physical activities, particularly gymnastics and swimming, are effective in reducing asthmatic symptoms, frequency of hospitalization, and use of medication for children between 5 and 14 years of age (Willox, 1994). By reducing the symptoms of the diseases the child may have to see a doctor less than if they were not participating in sports. Life is inherently stressful, and youth sports provide ample opportunities for child athletes to cope effectively with sport related stress (Anshel, 2003). Therefore, sports and physical activity also allow youths to clear their minds of academic and social pressures, to literally run off the tension that's accumulated in their muscles. This may serve as an inoculation to build antibodies in children against the more harmful stress viruses they will encounter later in life (Anshel, 2003). This can prevent children who have participated in sports not to develop negative lifelong attitudes toward physical activity, and continue an active lifestyle compared to children who have not participated in sports may in the future experience an inactive lifestyle. Finally, because sports increase an awareness of one's body and how it responds to different stimuli and circumstances, sports help prevent drug and alcohol abuse (Willox, 1994). Research has shown that students who participate in interscholastic sports are less likely to be regular and heavy smokers; students who play at least one sport are 40 percent less likely to be regular smokers and 50 percent less lively to be heavy smokers; regular and heavy smoking decreases substantially with an increase in the number of sports played (USA Football, 2006). Since most older and successful athletes value what their bodies can do and want to maintain those abilities, youths find this as the opportunity to also be a good athlete by telling their friend no to drugs, booze and other high risk, unhealthy behaviors. Sports are a social activity. Youth athletes develop relationships with their teammates and coaches that can sometimes last a lifetime. For boy, sports are a primary and unfortunately sometimes the sole, way of socializing with others and in many schools and communities non-athletic males find it difficult to develop a social network at all; for girls on the other hand, girls tend to define themselves through their relationships rather then achievements, sports offers yet another way to make friends and create an alternate peer group (Metzel & Shookhoff, 2006). Therefore youths involving themselves in sports can also socially and psychologically give children a meaning of self worth and self concept by having a feeling of belonging. This socializing and sense of belonging can also allow children and youth to develop their communication skills as well as learning to work together and cooperate to produce teamwork. Sports also allow youths to take leadership roles and step out into the forefront (Willox, 1994). Whenever possible give youth athlete players an opportunity to make decisions that affect their play or the game because when a players position, team strategy and other individual decisions can help the team meet their needs and succeed the individual meets their needs for self-determination (Anshel, 2003). Self determination is a key factor in youths to continue wanting to be socially involved in a team for their own benefit. Sport participation in children and youths are excellent places for teaching of cooperative values and skills such as communication, honesty, sportsmanship and teamwork that can promote a sense of strong positive and social values (Willox, 1994). Sports are very beneficial to children and youths that participate in them. Sports teach the participants many lessons that can carry over into the real world and help succeed in the rest of their life. In fact 80 percent of women identifies as key Fortune 500 companies participated in sports during their childhood (USA Football, 2006). Youth sports provide a safe environment where youths and teens can build on their goals and dreams of maybe one day becoming a professional athlete, while also building their psychological, physical and social values for a more successful future.

language of the court essays

language of the court essays The courtroom provides an institutionalized setting where social justice is negotiated through the questioning of witnesses. Nearly every turn-to-talk of the counsel contains a question and every turn-to-talk of the witness may or may not supply the information requested. Therefore, in order to get the relevant information from the witness and aiming at getting the information that in flavor to their clients. The counsel uses a variety of questioning techniques which will help them to win the case. On the other side, the language used by interpreters, witnesses and magistrate is rather different to the lawyers because they are supposed to be neutral and only responsible to tell the truth. Aiming at getting trust from the jury, the lawyer ¡s language has to be persuasive, or at least sounds to be persuasive. They have to provide evidences to prove their client is innocent or to prosecute someone. The questions raised by the solicitors are well organized and there is certain degree of linkage between questions. Their questions try to lead the witness into the right track and to give the relevant information that is in flavor to his client. Clear instruction and use of coercive question forms Lawyers also tend to give very clear instruction to witness on what they want him/her to do. For example, lawyers tend to say  ¡you only have to answer yes or no on this question ¡,  ¡I want u to listen very carefully on what I am going to say now ¡ very often in the case we heard. On one hand, it gives clear instruction to the witness; on the other hand, it also achieves the purpose of coerciveness. Since the patient in the courtroom is not a legal professional, in the case we heard, the patient is only a 16 years old girl, therefore, jargon are rarely heard in the counsel-witness examination. The language is simple and pla ...

How To Work With Designers To Collaborate Even Better

How To Work With Designers To Collaborate Even Better Writers, editors, managers, and developers. That’s all you need for a great content marketing team right? Let’s not forget about that one other role†¦.you know, the role that no one really knows how to handle? The one mystical role that speaks their own language and talks too much about color. Yeah, that one, the designers. While they  might dress out of the norm, or talk about things you might care less about, its still important to learn how to work with designers  since they can be a very valuable member of the team. As a designer, myself, I love working with non-designers because I can bring my perspective to the problem at hand. But, in order to do that, there are a few things that need to happen. Here is my best advice on how to work with designers to communicate better than ever, collaborate more efficiently, and publish awesome content. How To Work With Designers With Authentic Advice From s Designer via @ashtonwirrengaBy the way, designers! That poster might be a fun one to hang at  your editor's desk! ;) 1. Communicate Early On The earlier, the better. Your  designer wants to know exactly which problem you’re trying to solve so they can lend their expertise to solving it. But without communication right away, they may end up solving a totally different problem, or not solving anything you'd really like them to work on at all. The best thing to do is to set up an initial discussion to cover these three points: What's the problem?  Focus on what the problem is rather than how you want the solution to look. Like any project, there are probably ten different solutions, but it's a matter of picking the one perfect for you. Designers are trained to think through each possibility and find the one that fits your need. Then, and only then, can you start discussing the physical appearance. What are your goals and expectations? Instead of talking about how you’d like the solution to look, talk about your goals and expectations instead. What would you like the solution to do for your customers? Maybe you’re trying to increase a certain metric. At , we have three specific goals (growing traffic, email subscribers, and our users), and so we focus each and every design on accomplishing them. What are the guidelines? While designers may dream all the way to the moon with possibilities, it's key to know what our guidelines and criteria are for the project. Is there a budget? What about a deadline? Who’s the project lead? Go over all of the details associated with the project itself so your designer delivers the chosen solution at the price and time you’d like. Remember, though, that while guidelines are completely necessary when it comes to the logistics, it's important to leave creative areas open for your  designer to explore. Help  your  designer challenge the status quo and create something better than you’ve ever seen before. At , we communicate writer to designer by using the comments section in each and every piece of content we publish- blog posts, ebooks, webinars, Twitter chats- which is a project management tool built right into . When we published a post with Sujan, who is a guest blogger, we used 's comment functionality to keep everything up to speed. This creates a space for the conversation to not only begin, but for it to stay as a reference point as we continue working on the blog.  We also manage guidelines and expectations by using tasks and a workflow right in so we always meet our deadlines. For the post you're reading right now, our content marketing team used to manage our workflow. We're 60% done with the post right now! All in all, communication is super important  in every team project, and this couldn’t be more true for working with a designer. We want to listen and take your ideas and turn them into a physical result that both accomplishes your goals and looks incredible. Help designers challenge the status quo to  create something better than you’ve ever seen. #design2. Tell Us Your Ideas Just because you may not be a designer, it doesn’t mean that you don’t have ideas†¦ so share them with us!  One of the biggest  misconceptions out there, especially between writers and designers, is the idea that designers hate getting examples of other projects that may inspire the one at hand. While designers surely do hate being asked to copy others' work, or hate getting constrained to "make it just like that", designers can highly benefit from seeing visual examples of what you’re looking for. As creative professionals who live in a world of visual communication, visuals are probably the best thing you can  show your designer to illustrate your ideas. After you’ve discussed the problem at hand, use  the communication designers know best by showing images of what you like and don’t like. This will help your  designer to understand your initial preferences and style right away. Working with designers?  Share  your ideas, then empower  their  creativity to come to life. #designOne way our writers do this at is by using Evernote Web Clipper. Any time they see an article, image, or moment of inspiration, they can use the Clipper and it automatically gets stored in our team Evernote folder which we can access through . Evernote's Web Clipper pulls inspiration your designer can see right in your editorial calendar. From there, I have full access to not only what they’re seeing, but also the notes or comments they have along with it. When working with designers, feel free to tell us your ideas. We want the design process to incorporate everyone’s ideas as that’s where creativity comes to life. 3. Understand What We Value If you’re a writer or editor, you probably care about SEO, grammar styles, and overall tone of voice. If you’re a marketer, you probably value metrics, goals, and how to better reach your audience. Both these roles are incredibly valuable, but it's important to note that designers have their own area of interest. Designers value the experience your user goes through when they  see your product. Sure, the text they read  or the amount of traffic the site gets is important, but overall, we value and care primarily about the user's experience. Designers value the experience your user goes through when they see  your product. #design Designers care about how the user feels and what they think. What will they remember about the experience? This means that while you may be data-driven, we’d rather the project be data-influenced. The numbers matter, but creative strategies can’t always be tracked. Understand what designers value, and you’ll better understand the way in which we think about the solution. A simple way to find out how the user is feeling, is by creating a survey. We’ve used Polldaddy to host multiple surveys and it's a way to get data around how our users experience and feel when using . I personally love statistics and numbers, so you may find that your designer does too, and can start the conversation there. You're data-driven. Designers are data-influenced. How To Work With Designers #design4. Care About The Details So now that you’ve had the initial conversation about what the problem is, you’ve presented your ideas, and know a little more about what your  designer values, it’s time to talk design. What I love most about design, is how it can directly impact the user’s experience in a way that influences the user to act. What the end goal is up to you, but every designer has a few different visual tools they use in order to accomplish this: Color, typography, hierarchy, imagery, etc. This is our bread and butter! We live and breathe color schemes, the differences between Helvetica and Ariel, and just how to order items on a page. These terms will definitely come up in conversation, so if you’d like a better understanding of a designer’s toolset, check this out. Although which colors are used and what typefaces are selected may seem like the part that makes the solution ‘pretty’, there’s actually a lot of psychology and decision making behind the scenes that can either make or break the overall design. Help your designer out by allowing them room to care about these things. Let them explore different styles so that they can deliver the best for your project. #Design isn't making things pretty. It's theory and psychology that creates lasting experiences.5. Trust Us If I’m being completely honest, there’s nothing worse than working with a client  who doesn’t trust my design decisions. First, in order to avoid this from happening, make sure the relationship is a good fit from the beginning, and then once it is, please trust your designer. Let your designer take risks, give them space to do their thing, and encourage their creative freedom. Trust your designer to take risks with  #creative freedom to bring life to your project.Designers are trained for and are passionate about what they do, so let them do it! If you’ve communicated what needs to be solved, then it's time for the designer to do their magic. Designers all have their difference preferences about how they work best, whether at a coffee shop, home, or in the office, but wherever it may be, give them space to think about the problem and discover all the ideas and possibilities. When it comes time for feedback, your designer will reopen the conversation, but for now, trust them to do what they do best. 6. Feedback Is Welcome The most valuable and scary part of going to art school is the critiques. They often take place one or two times during the design process, and then again at the end. The critique process is forever engrained in any designer’s memory, and thus when it comes to your project, they not only want feedback, but expect it. Here are four points to help guide your feedback for your designer: #Design isn’t like a vending machine where the snack immediately falls into your hands. It’s a  process. A design solution isn’t like a vending machine where you put in a quarter and the snack immediately falls into your hands. Design is a step-by-step process that takes time, thought, and skill. Understand that your designer may be needing feedback at stage one long before anything is finalized. At this stage, the design is far from perfect and might still need direction. Be honest, but nice. There’s really no value in feedback unless it's coming from an honest mind. However, please remember to be nice. Even if the design is completely opposite of what you expected, there’s a proper way to go about discussing why your designer made their decision, and how to go about fixing it. Listen.  Let your  designer explain their thought process before you jump in. What may seem completely awful at first glance might actually make sense after you hear the designer’s reasoning for that particular design decision. Listening to the designer shows them respect and gives time for stylistic preferences to be shed while design thinking comes to light. Tell us why.  In the review process, tell us why  you don’t like it or why it looks weird. Don’t just express personal preference. Design elements such as color, typefaces, and imagery often have preconceived experiences for each person, and so not only is it important to remember that we aren’t designing for yourself, but rather the user, it's also key to know why that preference exists. It may not apply to the design at hand. Feedback is incredibly important to the designer and a perfect checkpoint of communication between both parties while the design is still in process. This is a great time to review the problem, ideas, and goals that were initially stated, in order to see how the proposed design fits those criteria. Designers don't design for their editors, they #design for the user.7. Give Credit A thank you here and there never hurt anyone, and the same is applicable to working with your designer. Designers are often the mystical, misunderstood role on the team, so affirming their role not only encourages them, but increases their own confidence in their design process. When confidence is there, the possibilities are endless, making the solution even better. Encourage them, say thank you, and it’ll go a long way. So, Are You Ready To Work With A Designer? Working with designers ultimately comes down to being on the same page.  While you may speak a different language and care about different things, there are ways to communicate throughout the design process that will help  you both give your best to the final outcome. Encourage your designer, let them to do their thing, create a space for feedback, and then give them credit once it’s all said and done. Designers love working with non-designers! Let’s make something great together. Bonus: What NOT  To Say To A  Designer... This one is just for fun! But it's also a super helpful tool to help you communicate clearly and avoid misunderstandings: Can you make this pretty for me? Design is about function, not just appearance. Can you make this for my presentation later today? Effective design takes time, don’t force us to design poorly. Can you make it look like this? Designers have no interest in copying something. Plus, it's illegal. Can you photoshop it? Designer’s aren’t just another creative tool, we’re actually interested in solving the problem at hand. Can you make it pop? Making it pop means nothing to us. Explain WHY you don’t like it please. I’ll know it when I see it. Designers need a specific problem to solve. We aren’t mind readers.

Definition and Examples of Interrogative Pronouns

Definition and Examples of Interrogative Pronouns In traditional English grammar, the term interrogative pronoun refers to a pronoun that introduces a question. These words are also called a pronominal interrogative. Related terms include interrogative,  wh-word, and  question word, although these terms are usually not defined in precisely the same way. In English,  who, whom, whose, which, and what commonly function as interrogative pronouns. When immediately followed by a noun, whose, which, and what function as determiners  or interrogative adjectives. When they start a question, interrogative pronouns  have no antecedent, because  what they refer to is precisely what the question is trying to find out. Examples Interrogative pronouns are all around us, whether you knew the name of them or not as you speak and read. Here are a a few examples from literature and other sources: Even if you do learn to speak correct English, whom are you going to speak it to?(attributed to Clarence Darrow)When a man tells you that he got rich through hard work, ask him: Whose?(Don Marquis)â€Å"I have water and Diet Coke. That was the only soft drink I allowed Howie to have. Which do you prefer?(Stephen King, Under the Dome. Scribner, 2009)What did you see down there in the kitchen? Caddy whispered. What tried to get in?(William Faulkner, That Evening Sun Go Down. The American Mercury, 1931)I got a belt on thats holding up my pants, and the pants have belt loops that hold up the belt. What is going on here? Who is the real hero?(Comedian Mitch Hedberg) Semantic Contrasts: What Versus Which Whether you use what or which in a question depends on the context of the question, whether there are specific items to choose from (which), or whether the question is completely open-ended (what). Of course, casual conversation brings exceptions. These pronouns express two semantic contrasts: (1) a gender contrast of personal (the  who  series) and nonpersonal (what, which):Who is in the woodshed? What is in the woodshed?(2) a contrast of definiteness: indefinite  what  contrasts with definite  which- the latter always implying a choice made from a limited number of alternatives:What was the winning number? [you must recall what it was]Which was the winning number? [you have a list of choices] Note also the use of what to ask about a role or status:What is her father? [a politician]Which is her father? [in the photograph](David Crystal, Making Sense of Grammar. Longman, 2004)What is used when specific information is requested from a general or open-ended possible range. Which is used when specific information is requested from a restricted range of possibilities: A. Ive got your address. Whats your phone number?B. Oh its 267358.(an open-ended range of possible information)[looking at a pile of coats]A. Which is your coat?B. That black one. However, where the number of options is shared knowledge among speakers and listeners, what noun is often used in informal contexts. Here, what is an interrogative pronoun used as a determiner: [talking about a shop]What side of the street is it on, left or right?(or: Which side of the street is it on?)A: Did you see that documentary about the SARS virus last night?B; No, what channel was it on?(or: Which channel was it on?) (R. Carter and M. McCarthy, Cambridge Grammar of English: A Comprehensive Guide. Cambridge University Press, 2006)

Teaching Project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Teaching Project - Assignment Example In terms of the appropriate level since the objective of in teaching endotracheal tube nursing care is for the students to provide safe patient care in using endotracheal tubes, it would seem more appropriate that teaching would not only focus on theories but also on hands-on learning. Since the group is composed of students who will experience this material for the first time, a concise and practical way of presenting the material would prove to be easier to absorb. Practical in the sense that the material would be presented in terms of its importance in real-life practice of the nursing profession as far as this area of patient care is concerned. After having learned the theories relating to endotracheal tube nursing care, students should apply the information they have learned in class through situational exercises in the classroom, which would somehow assess how much they've learned and their ability to demonstrate this knowledge in real life situations. Based on the stated objective which is "Students will be able to perform endotracheal tube nursing care," such an objective if assessed using Bloom's taxonomy, the level of objectives that was set for teaching the students is more on performance. Although the content of the teaching plan includes "knowing" the purpose of the procedure, equipments needed, preparation, post procedure, outcome, and documentation, the bottom line is on whether or not the student would be able to perform the said procedure after all this intellectual input. Therefore, the objectives are in the level of psychomotor, as students would be evaluated if whether or not they would be able to perform endotracheal tube nursing care and consequently provide safe patient care. Teaching Method The teaching method that would best meet the group's need would be through equipment demonstration, lecture and the use of relevant CD-ROMS. These methods are seen to be essential in learning and understanding as well as applying knowledge into real life practice. Demonstrating the equipment used will not only give the students of what kind of equipments are involved, but they will also know what it is called, its function and how they would use it. The lecture provides theories and other important information on the matter as well as an opportunity for the students to equip themselves with the knowledge needed to be able to perform a particular task. The use of CD-ROMS would also help in reinforcing the information given during the lecture. It can also serve as a window of opportunity to illustrate and show students the picture behind the words they heard during the lecture. The method of teaching used can be categorized as direct teaching, because it is the teacher who mostly does all the work as will be manifested in equipment demonstration, lecture and CD-ROM. As such, direct teaching needs to be prepared and organized in advance and this includes teacher's having information about their students' prerequisites for the lesson. The advantages of this method of teaching are: there is a specific target for learning, students are given reasons on why the content is important and thus helps to clarify the lesson's objectives. It makes measuring of student's input relatively easy, it is a widely accepted and used

Obama care or romney care.which care would you prefer and why (I Research Paper

Obama care or romney care.which care would you prefer and why (I prefer obama care) - Research Paper Example U.S. President Barack Obama offers the Obamacare as the health care for America while former Massachusetts Governor Romney offers the â€Å"Romneycare† healthcare program. It is very important that the healthcare program of the winning president favors the people. That it solves the long time problem of the state and benefits all the Americans. Many claim that Obamacare and Romneycare offer no difference. Though the two healthcare programs exhibit many similarities in their plan, they still hold key distinctions. These distinctions tend to show that Obamacare seems a lot more favorable to the American people. Healthcare programs concentrate on three main areas namely employer-provided insurance, Medicare for seniors and Medicaid for the poor. While both programs require individuals to purchase their own health insurance, they offer different plans on Medicare. Romney offers a â€Å"premium support† method of paying health insurance while Obama opposes it and plans to cut the health budget while maintaining the healthcare benefits. Obama plans to cut $716 billion from health budget by reducing reimbursement to health care providers and cutting overpayments to health insurance companies (Burd). In the long run, Obama’s healthcare program can actually improve the healthcare system of the U.S. and its whole economy. While providing quality Medicare to its people, a large amount of money will be saved from cutting the healthcare budget that goes into waste. This will also solve one of the country’s biggest financial problems. In addition, Romney claims that Obamacare is an inappropriate Healthcare program for the country and promises to replace it with his own Romneycare program. But then again, the Romneycare program includes many conditions that seem to be non-beneficial to its people. One of which is the Medicaid program which tends to provide health insurance subsidy for

The Apportionment Problem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Apportionment Problem - Essay Example This is so that they could have more than one representative, as Five would technically have .07! Changes in population would cause this apportionment to be revisited occasionally and again, the US method of a census every decade determining representation would be the best bet. The biggest problem with this is the method is absolutely unfair in that four states (3, 4, 6 and 8) will control 65% of the votes. However the method seems to work quite well in the US where states like California and New York likewise have a large representation. Yet the country’s multiple party method seems to work quite well, for Congressional votes are generally along party lines and seldom do all members from one particular state band together (Theriault). Of course appeasing State Five by adding seats so that it could have equality in Congress could very well result in what is known as an Alabama Paradox. This occurred for that state in 1880, whereby adding seats to Congress so that Alabama could gain actually caused it to actually lose a seat, due to the mathematical statistics (Janson). Another methodology would be the Huntington-Hill, a more complex formula that utilizes square roots but which is also more equitable (See Table 2) (US Census). Based upon the calculations I have listed, apportionment is the best answer for fair and equal representation of each state. No matter how else it is drawn smaller states such as Five will always face having less representation (Much as Montana and Wyoming only also have one vote whereas minute Rhode Island has 2). The only other way would be to divide the 100 seats by the number of states (10 each), just like the US Senate has a standard of two per state, no matter the

Leadership Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Leadership Analysis - Essay Example Also, being able to take initiative whenever there is a need. Leadership practices have helped individuals to portray a character of self discipline to enable them to work in various offices as if they owned the business personally (Blanchard, Fowler and Hawkins, 2005). This has enabled progress and increased processes involved in growth and development in various companies. This has also influenced living standards among individuals from diverse communities positively. Therefore, self-leadership should be encouraged in various organizations and departments, which will also help maintain and manage quality of goods and services offered by the organizations. Self-leadership has been found to increase levels of honesty in organization performance. Individuals who have learned how to operate and govern their operations in any department, can help reduce levels of dishonesty and help build a better relationship with the management team of the company (Northouse, 2011, 15) . Individuals should learn new skills in various operations undertaken in departments available in an organization. However, it has been noted that, to learn new and advanced skills in various fields, individuals need to be given the opportunity to explore new jobs and talents within their fields. To have better skills that can be considered as more valuable than those that previously existed, it has been noted that self leadership should be attained within the personality of an individual. In this case, having self drive and attainment helps ensure that an individual get to understand the difference between important skills and knowledge to learn, as well as those that are not considered important in the various operations undertaken in the company (Blanchard, Fowler and Hawkins, 2005, 6). This has been found to influence activities undertaken by individuals in various departments in the organization.

Formation and Implications of Gender Stereotypes Research Paper

Formation and Implications of Gender Stereotypes - Research Paper Example Information about appropriate gender roles and behaviors is conveyed through different channels from language usage, occupational and educational settings, family and media. A family is the first mediator of gender-appropriate roles. Parents are first role models and educators of gender-appropriate roles. Media further extends the knowledge of gender differences and promotes gender stereotypes. Education through certain toys meant for boys or girls makes an early differentiation between children of different sexes. Further education, where girls are discouraged from excelling in certain fields, increases the gender gap. In the society where male and female roles are strictly regulated and men are characterized as active, rational risk takers in contract to women who are passive and emotional caregivers, it is difficult to build an identity which is different from the stereotypes. Gender roles are so deeply embedded in occupational and behavioral roles of men and women that crossing the borders of social expectations results in severe punishments. Men are labeled as homosexual and women are considered as men-like when they do not meet the cultural expectation of masculinity or femininity. It has become a common practice in social sciences to differentiate between notions of â€Å"gender† and â€Å"sex.† While sex is a biological notion defining â€Å"genetic makeup and hormone profile,† gender is a social phenomenon which â€Å"varies with the roles, norms, and values of a given society or era.† (Phillips, 2005 p.4) So, sex refers to physicality while gender refers to the behavior of individuals, the roles and personality traits which correspond to their biological makeup.

Differences between Plastic Surgery & Cosmetic Surgery Essay

Differences between Plastic Surgery & Cosmetic Surgery - Essay Example As the study stresses that perhaps one that is predominantly practiced all over the world is cosmetic surgery; this type of plastic surgery mainly aims to alter the physical appearance of a person. Many people have always been concerned with their looks and appearance more than their internal qualities and this is motivation enough for them to desire enhancement of their looks. This is what has led to the pervasiveness of the plastic surgery trend worldwide thus instigating serious concerns over the justification of plastic surgery; in other words, is it or is it not right to carry out plastic surgery? This question has been debatable in the world probably more than anything else concerning moral issues has, and many people have had their own varied contributions to this debate. Thus, he does agree with the school of thought that supports plastic surgery, at least to make something wrong go right for once; there are exceedingly many reasons why people carry out plastic surgery and I believe they are all justifiable. This paper aims to disambiguate the social dilemma that is plastic surgery, and it will attempt to justify the reasons why plastic surgery is carried out, and gunner support for this controversial trend. From this discussion it is clear that to begin with, even though the name plastic surgery suggests a close tie with synthetic material, plastic surgery has nothing to do with ‘plastic looks’ as is often concluded by moralists. In fact, the name originates from a Greek word ‘plastikos’, which means ‘to form’ or ‘to mold’. In this regard, plastic surgery remains a crucial type of surgery that serves many justifiable reasons, both medical and aesthetical. Doctors perform reconstructive procedures to reinstate distortions both on the face and on the body of patients that might have been because of either natural or physical causes. For instance, natural deformities are manifest on individuals from birth, and they include physical distortions of organs as in cleft lips and palates while other deformities might arise from physical injuries such as burns, animal bites  and  accidents. Some diseases such as cancer might also necessitate plastic surgery in the end after the loss of the affected body organ; this is especially common with breast cancer where most patients opt to undergo reconstructive surgeries to rebuild the lost breasts. On the other hand, cosmetic surgery  is concerned with the enhancement of physical appearances. Due to its cosmetic purposes, this type of plastic surgery is often also referred to as aesthetic surgery; however, cosmetic procedures do not necessarily call for surgery in the medical fashion. Quite notably, most cosmetic surgeries involve enlargement and reduction of body organs such as breasts; the reshaping of body organs such as the nose; or removing of fatty tissues from body parts that are overly bulky with fats. In view of these two broad reasons for plastic surgery presented above, it is vital to regard plastic surgery in a different light, and move away from the negative traditional perceptions that society has held against plastic surgery.

Formation and Implications of Gender Stereotypes Research Paper

Formation and Implications of Gender Stereotypes - Research Paper Example Information about appropriate gender roles and behaviors is conveyed through different channels from language usage, occupational and educational settings, family and media. A family is the first mediator of gender-appropriate roles. Parents are first role models and educators of gender-appropriate roles. Media further extends the knowledge of gender differences and promotes gender stereotypes. Education through certain toys meant for boys or girls makes an early differentiation between children of different sexes. Further education, where girls are discouraged from excelling in certain fields, increases the gender gap. In the society where male and female roles are strictly regulated and men are characterized as active, rational risk takers in contract to women who are passive and emotional caregivers, it is difficult to build an identity which is different from the stereotypes. Gender roles are so deeply embedded in occupational and behavioral roles of men and women that crossing the borders of social expectations results in severe punishments. Men are labeled as homosexual and women are considered as men-like when they do not meet the cultural expectation of masculinity or femininity. It has become a common practice in social sciences to differentiate between notions of â€Å"gender† and â€Å"sex.† While sex is a biological notion defining â€Å"genetic makeup and hormone profile,† gender is a social phenomenon which â€Å"varies with the roles, norms, and values of a given society or era.† (Phillips, 2005 p.4) So, sex refers to physicality while gender refers to the behavior of individuals, the roles and personality traits which correspond to their biological makeup.

World War I Essay Example for Free

World War I Essay In a major world event such as world war, the world economy is much affected. At first it is surprising to know that there is a boost in economy during the war. Actually, the economic problem really took place after the war. Indeed, economic recession happens as an aftermath of a war like what happened after World War I. Just like the case of 1921 recession, the world economy experienced its worst condition years after the war. What is the reason for that? Economic experts believe that the end of war time production as well as the influx of returning troops caused a great recession in the world economy. In a major world event such as world war, the world economy is much affected. At first it is surprising to know that there is a boost in economy during the war. Actually, the economic problem really took place after the war. Indeed, economic recession happens as an aftermath of a war like what happened after World War I. Just like the case of 1921 recession, the world economy experienced its worst condition years after the war. What is the reason for that? Economic experts believe that the end of war time production as well as the influx of returning troops caused a great recession in the world economy. During World War I, there were a lot of war time related productions such as weapons that cause a certain boost in world’s economy. If there are greater productions, it follows that a lot of labor is needed. This will lessen the rate of unemployment in those countries that are involved in the war. In the case of World War I, the production of war related products stopped which means that a lot of workers who are related to the said industry lose their job. The increase in the production of money because of the increase in war expenditure resulted to inflation. Although there is an increase of the number of money in the circulation, still the economy is not in good situation because of high prices. Other than that, those troops who return after the war added to the number of unemployed people. Although the America experienced the worst effect of recession in 1921, still countries such as United States was able to recover and even experience economic growth. New factories that are producing radios and automobiles emerged. Aside from that, a lot of women left their work to give way to the returning troops. That is the reason why it was easy for the United States economy to recover after the post war recession. But still the economic growth that the United States had experienced gave way to what is known as great depression. The great depression in US economy started when a breakdown in the stock market had occurred known as Black Tuesday. As we look at the world wide great depression, we cannot say that it is a sudden collapse of the world economy. Black Tuesday was just the start of it. In 1930, US government and business spent so much but the consumers who suffered from a great loses during the black Tuesday decreased their expenditures by ten percent. Other than that, there was a severe drought in the US during that time. As a result, personal income, tax revenues, income and profit, as well as international trade had declined. Meanwhile, there is also a belief that the Great Depression was caused by poor policy of the American Federal Reserve System. Because of the belief that it is for the regulation of money, the said institution allowed the money supply to shrink. They believed that they can recover easily just like what happened during the 1921 recession. They didn’t expect that it will affect a great number of investor that will cause them to stop investing. Meanwhile, there are also other historians who blame the U. S. Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act in the decline of international trade which later worsened the Great Depression. Because of the fact that foreign trade is just a small part of their economy, US had ignored the possibility of affecting the economy of other countries. As a conclusion, we can say that the experience of fast recovery from the post World War I recession gave so much confidence to the US economy that they ignored the possibility of another economic breakdown such as the Great Depression. Because of their so much economic security, they did some careless act that lead to Great Depression and even worsening the situation.

Tetracycline: History, Properties and Uses

Tetracycline: History, Properties and Uses Discovery and development of antibiotics-tetracycline Introduction An antibiotic is a single or a group of substances normally obtained from micro-organisms that block the development of a certain different micro-organisms or even destroy them. They are obtained from extraordinary microorganisms or other living frameworks, and are delivered by a modern method utilizing an ageing process. In spite of the fact that the standards of antibiotic activity were not found until the twentieth century, the first known utilization of antibiotic was from the Chinese more than 2,500 years back. Today, more than 10,000 anti-microbial substances have been accounted for. Right now, antibiotics are a billion dollar industry that keeps on growing every year.The variety of antibiotics presently available can be grouped by different methods like the chemical structure they are made of, the micro-organisms from which they are obtained, or the action they perform. They can also be designated by their range of action, e.g., Tetracycline, cephalosporin, polymixin etc. Tetracyclines It is a wide range polyketide antibiotic derived by the Streptomyces sort of Actinobacteria. [5]This is used against numerous bacterial diseases. It is a protein amalgamation inhibitor and is usually used to treat skin inflammation, rosacea, urinary tract infections and is truly imperative in decreasing the number of deaths from cholera. The term tetracycline is additionally used to indicate the four-ring arrangement of this compound; tetracyclines are connected substances that contain the same four-ring framework. http://www.explorecuriocity.org/portals/2/Symposia/Antibiotics/_2993.jpg http://cdni.wired.co.uk/19201280/a_c/antibiotics.jpg https://www.fredhutch.org/en/news/center-news/2004/03/infection-protection/_jcr_content/articletext/imageplus/image.img.jpg/1321308084306.jpg The discovery In spite of the fact that for a considerable length of time preparations derived from living organisms were applied to wounds to eradicate or remove diseases or ailments, the way that a microorganism is equipped for destroying one of other animal types was not proved until the last of the 19th century. The tetracycline, an expansive group of anti-infective agents, was founded as an ordinary item by Benjamin Minge Duggar in 1945 and initially endorsed in 1948.Under Yellapragada Subbarow, Benjamin Duggar made his discovery of the first tetracycline antibiotic- chlortetracycline (Aureomycin), at Lederle Laboratories in 1945. [9] In 1950, Harvard University teacher Robert Burns Woodward decided the compound structure of the related substance, Oxytetracycline (Terramycin); the patent security for its fermentation and generation was additionally initially issued in 1950. [8]An examination group of eight researchers (K.J. Burnings, Francis A. Hochstein, Frederick J. Pioneer C.R. Stephens, Lloyd Hillyard Conover, Abraham Bavley, Richard Pasternack, and Peter P. Regna) at Pfizeras ,a team with Woodward, took an interest in the two-year examination prompting the discovery. https://www.nzytech.com/site/components/com_virtuemart/shop_image/product/98d518eb90428466f73c1e04551cf1e7.jpg http://thescienceofacne.com/wp-content/uploads/Tetracycline-Sumycin-Molecule-640404.jpg?a355a6 https://edc2.healthtap.com/ht-staging/user_answer/avatars/1560705/large/open-uri20131228-9945-h4ifng.jpeg?1388269653 Development of antibiotics Antibiotics are made in the industry by a procedure of fermentation, where the source microorganism is developed in substantial holders (100,000 – 150,000 liters or additionally) containing a fluid development medium. The concentration of oxygen, degree of temperature, pH of the medium, and supplement levels must be idealistic and are closely observed and balanced if important. As antibiotics are optional metabolites, the population size must be controlled deliberately to guarantee that most extreme yield is acquired before the cells dies. When the procedure is finished, the antibiotic must be removed and decontaminated to a crystalline item.This is less difficult to accomplish if the antibiotic is dissolved in natural solvent. Else, it should first be uprooted by ion exchange, adsorbed, or precipitated on a chemical. Discovery of tetracycline Chlortetracycline and Oxytetracycline, both found in the late 1940s, were the first members from the tetracycline group to be portrayed.[4]These particles were results of Streptomyces aureofaciens and S. rimosus, individually. Different tetracyclines were distinguished later, either as characteristically happening atoms, e.g., tetracycline from S. aureofaciens, S. rimosus, and S. viridofaciens and demethylchlortetracycline from S. aureofaciens, or as results of semisynthetic methodologies, e.g., methacycline, doxycycline, and minocycline. In spite of the achievement of the early tetracyclines, analogs were looking for with an enhanced water solubility either to permit parenteral organization or to improve oral assimilation. These methodologies brought about the advancement of the semisynthetic mixes rolitetracycline and lymecycline. The most of late found tetracyclines are the semisynthetic collections alluded to as glycylcyclines, e.g., 9-(N, N-dimethylglycylamido) -6-demethyl-6-deo xytetracycline, 9-(N, N-dimethylglycylamido) -minocycline, and 9-t-(butylglycylamido) -minocycline.[12] These mixes have a 9-glycylamido substitution. .[11] The 9-t-butylglycylamido subordinate of minocycline (tigilcycline; once known as GAR-936) started stage- I in October 1999 and is as of now experiencing stage- II clinical trials. A portion of the prior mixes, e.g., clomocycline, are no more showcased, and others, e.g., rolitetracycline, lymecycline, and chlortetracycline, are not accessed. http://openi.nlm.nih.gov/imgs/512/272/2823312/2823312_ORT-1745-3674-80-693-g003.png http://media.i24news.tv/upload/cache/medium_image/upload/image/afp-ba034f876ea09e71954f1fda34f7c26ad79be9e6.jpg http://dailysciencejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/bug.jpg Safety and environmental issues of the production and the product itself The large scale manufacturing of antibiotics started amidst World War II with streptomycin and penicillin. Presently, most antimicrobial agents are delivered by organized ageing. In this, strains of microorganisms delivering significant benefits are developed under ideal conditions in supplement media in aging tanks holding a few thousand gallons. The mold is strained out of the maturation soup, and afterward the antibiotic is expelled from the stock by filtration, precipitation, and other detachment systems. At times new antimicrobials are lab blended, while numerous antibiotics are created by artificially adjusting regular substances; numerous such subordinates are more powerful than the characteristic substances against contaminating creatures or are better consumed by the body. Potential problems with antibiotics-tetracycline Antibiotics are either infused, given orally, or applied to the skin. A number of them, while strong against infective agents, additionally cause lethal symptoms. Some, similar to penicillin, are exceedingly allergenic and can bring about skin allergies, shock, and different types of sensitivity to allergens.Others, for example, the tetracycline, bring about real changes in the intestinal bacterial and can bring about super infection by parasites and different microorganisms.[3,10] Tetracyclines ought to be utilized with caution in patients with liver weakness.[10]Those tetracyclines that are soluble in water and urine intensify renal failure (this is not valid for the lipid dissolvable operators doxycycline and minocycline). They may expand muscle weakness in myasthenia Gravis and compound systemic lupus erythematosus. [3] Quality control is of most significance in the generation of antibiotics. Since it includes a fermentation procedure, steps must be taken to guarantee that truly no defilement is presented anytime amid generation. At this end, the medium and the greater part of the equipment are completely steam cleaned. Amid manufacturing, the rule for the end product of antibiotics is to look out for a normalancy every now and then.Of specific significance are successive checks of the state of the antimicrobial culture during fermenting. These are done using different chromatography strategies. Additionally, different physical and chemical properties of the completed item are checked, for example, pH, liquefying point, and dampness content. . https://explorable.com/images/antibiotics.jpg http://a57.foxnews.com/global.fncstatic.com/static/managed/img/fn2/video/876/493/antibiotics%20in%20hand%20istock.jpg?ve=1tl=1 http://www.onlineclinic.net/images/blog/injectable-l.jpg Scope for improvement and future of antibiotics Since the development of a new medicine is a costly affair, pharmaceutical organizations have done almost no research in the most recent decade. Notwithstanding, a disturbing improvement has prodded a restored enthusiasm for the advancement of new antibiotics.[7] It just so happens, a part of the ailment causing microorganisms has altered and built up resistance to a large number of the standard antibiotics, including tetracyclines.[6] This could have grave outcomes on the worlds general wellbeing unless new antibiotics are found or enhancements are made on the ones that are accessible. This testing issue will be the center of exploration for a long time to come. Researchers are attempting to develop new methodologies to battle the developmental risk of micro-organisms that present antibiotics like tetracyclines cant battle. A few specialists are trying new substances; for example, silver, to consolidate with antibiotics to support their killing force.[2] Different scientists are making the utilization of hereditary sequencing of microbes to help create medications at a quicker pace than medical science was equipped for previously. Another system expects to render destructive microorganisms unequipped for contaminating individuals, as opposed to killing the micro-organisms through and through. One such procedure would kill infection, bringing about poisons by disturbing the microscopic organisms interior components. Conclusion Antibiotics, including tetracyclines have a limited lifetime in light of the fact that resistance is inevitable, therefore, theres dependably a need to innovate.[1] Bacteria have methods for shielding themselves against other microorganisms, and most antibiotics are obtained from the poisons they utilize. Distinguishing and growing new antibiotics is a long and moderate process. Whether the antibiotic will be valuable in treating individuals stays to be seen. The principle issue with recognizing new antibiotics isnt that they dont work. They work and yet they cause serious symptoms or danger. References Antibiotic Development: the Battle to Overcome Antibiotic Resistance. (1984). Inpharma, 437(1), 4-4. Averting the antibiotics apocalypse now. (2013). New Scientist, 217(2908), 3. Bevelander, G. (1963). Effects of Tetracycline. BMJ, 1(5322), 54-54. Chlortetracycline. (1999). Reactions Weekly, &NA;(773), 7-8. Filippova, S., Surgucheva, N., Gal’chenko, V. (2012). Long-term storage of collection cultures of actinobacteria. Microbiology, 81(5), 630-637. Litman, J. Antibiotic Resistance. SSRN Journal. NEW ANTIBIOTICS. (1976). Inpharma, 45(1), 12-12. Oxytetracycline (terramycin). (1955). Tubercle, 36(3), 92. TETRACYCLINE. (1954). The Lancet, 263(6813), 664. Tetracycline Hepatotoxicity. (1964). BMJ, 2(5424), 1545-1546. Tetracycline see Doxcycline/tetracycline. (1988). Reactions, 224(1), 8-8. Tetracyclines from Scratch. (2005). Science, 308(5720), 321e-321e.

Comparison Between Grapes Of W :: essays research papers

People who feel trapped often do desperate things that affect themselves and others. “Fifth Business'; and “The Grapes of Wrath'; are two novels that both consist of trapped characters that are affected physically, emotionally, and socially. These elements are the very foundation of entrapment, which lead to the downfall of the characters. Mary from the novel “Fifth Business'; and Grampa from “The Grapes of Wrath'; are two characters that have a fatal flaw in their lives and characteristics that lead to their destruction.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mary and Grampa are the two characters that can be portrayed as being physically trapped. Mary is physically trapped by her own actions. When she meets a tramp in the gravel pit, she allows him to make love to her. This event causes her husband Amasa to resign from his job as a Baptist Minister due to shame and disgrace. After this happening Amasa keeps her tied in a harness so she cannot get out of the house. Mary’s actions affect and ruin her family life. Later in the story it is mentioned that she is in a small hospital behind bars and often under sedation due to her abusive behavior towards Dunstan Ramsay. Dunstan is the one who has cared most for her during her life; however, she considers him her worst enemy for keeping her son away from her. Her physical entrapment due to her behavior and actions, eventually lead to her death. Grampa is also physically trapped, because of his old age. His inability to move around freely has an impact on his lifestyle. Grampa is always trapped in his household and in the vehicle the family is travelling in to get to California. When he does not wish to travel, he is drugged and is forced to go on the journey. Now the entrapment can be seen in the truck; he is physically unable to do anything and ultimately dies. He is not able to go anywhere and is restricted to visit places due to his old age.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Emotional entrapment is one of the major factors in the destruction of the characters. Mary is emotionally trapped in the past. Even years after her son ran away, she still feels that he is a little boy. Her emotional condition ultimately drives her insane. Her insanity changes her thoughts and ideas. This can be seen when she blames Dunstan for keeping her son away from her.

Eulogy for Friend :: Eulogies Eulogy

Eulogy for Friend I'd like to say a few words of tribute to this special man, from me and on behalf of other close friends of his. When he heard the news of Alan's death, a mutual friend and colleague noted poignantly that Alan was a man that was non-judgmental. Alan accepted people largely for what they were and for who they were. Alan was a man without prejudice. His many friendships crossed the barriers of social position and educational background. And his spirit, his generosity, his warmth also reached through barriers of race and cultural background. They reached through the barriers of age and generation. Because everyone was welcomed into Alan's circle of friends and what a multi-coloured, multi-cultural, multi-national, and multi-generational circle of friends it is indeed. What's more, Alan worked eagerly to bring these people from different backgrounds together. To me, he seemed happiest when he'd organised a gathering of the most diverse people one could imagine. If Alan couldn't remake the world outside to his liking, he would make it so in his backyard. He was a man without prejudice. This was not just a matter of principle for Alan, not something he merely theorised in his academic work and teaching. It was his instinct, his very nature. This was not simply tolerance, it was his personal culture. Because when we stop to think about it, Alan's preoccupation in life was people. He was always introducing people to other people. Always saying: you must meet so and so; and with his extraordinary sense of social occasion, by and large you did get to meet them. How many people have we met and got to know through Alan Smith? Dr Alan Smith was among the most intelligent people I have ever known. A sociologist by original training, he completed his Bachelor degree with Honours at the University of Wales in 1978 and was awarded his Doctorate by that University in 1990. His doctoral thesis, titled 'A Cartography of Resistance: The British State and Derry Republicanism' was a learned study of the Irish republican struggle. The freedom of the Irish people and Gaelic people generally was a cause very close to his heart throughout his adult life. His experiences in Londonderry in the 1980s exposed him to the brutal realities of war and I think shaped his political outlook in particular ways. One of these I believe was to deepen his affinity with people from oppressed nationalities and cultures wherever they were and whenever he came across them in his many travels around the world. Eulogy for Friend :: Eulogies Eulogy Eulogy for Friend I'd like to say a few words of tribute to this special man, from me and on behalf of other close friends of his. When he heard the news of Alan's death, a mutual friend and colleague noted poignantly that Alan was a man that was non-judgmental. Alan accepted people largely for what they were and for who they were. Alan was a man without prejudice. His many friendships crossed the barriers of social position and educational background. And his spirit, his generosity, his warmth also reached through barriers of race and cultural background. They reached through the barriers of age and generation. Because everyone was welcomed into Alan's circle of friends and what a multi-coloured, multi-cultural, multi-national, and multi-generational circle of friends it is indeed. What's more, Alan worked eagerly to bring these people from different backgrounds together. To me, he seemed happiest when he'd organised a gathering of the most diverse people one could imagine. If Alan couldn't remake the world outside to his liking, he would make it so in his backyard. He was a man without prejudice. This was not just a matter of principle for Alan, not something he merely theorised in his academic work and teaching. It was his instinct, his very nature. This was not simply tolerance, it was his personal culture. Because when we stop to think about it, Alan's preoccupation in life was people. He was always introducing people to other people. Always saying: you must meet so and so; and with his extraordinary sense of social occasion, by and large you did get to meet them. How many people have we met and got to know through Alan Smith? Dr Alan Smith was among the most intelligent people I have ever known. A sociologist by original training, he completed his Bachelor degree with Honours at the University of Wales in 1978 and was awarded his Doctorate by that University in 1990. His doctoral thesis, titled 'A Cartography of Resistance: The British State and Derry Republicanism' was a learned study of the Irish republican struggle. The freedom of the Irish people and Gaelic people generally was a cause very close to his heart throughout his adult life. His experiences in Londonderry in the 1980s exposed him to the brutal realities of war and I think shaped his political outlook in particular ways. One of these I believe was to deepen his affinity with people from oppressed nationalities and cultures wherever they were and whenever he came across them in his many travels around the world.

Essay on Horatio Essay

Often overlooked in the critical analysis of the play, Horatio is a character whose actions are of no major importance, yet in the context of the play’s meaning, his role is crucial. Like the Ghost, Horatio helps Shakespeare to refine the concept of the virtuous man. This is shown through Horatio’s ideals, his relationship with Hamlet, their differences and similarities. We assume that his studies in Wittenberg make develop his rational thinking and thus he would naturally reject the possibility of a ghost – however he is the one to tell Hamlet about his father’s apparition. Even after witnessing the Ghost, Horatio remains a rationalist. His mind is sober, and he encourages Hamlet to preserve self-control – a key virtue of the Stoics. Yet when Hamlet dies (possibly in Horatio’s arms, depending on stage directions) the roles reverse – Horatio, charged by Hamlet’s passion, almost dies with the prince. For the audience, Horatio becomes a separate and important entity as Hamlet delivers the speech about his character that defines Hamlet’s own ideals. Shakespeare gives Hamlet the chance to voice the faculties he admires, thus giving us another chance to understand the greater aspirations and aims of the protagonist. He says: ‘Horatio, thou art e’en as just a man As e’er my conversation coped withal. Nay do not think I flatter,†¦ †¦ Since my dear soul was mistress of her choice, And could of men distinguish, her election Hath sealed thee to herself; for thou hast been As one, in suff’ring all, that suffers nothing; A man that Fortune’s buffets and rewards Hath ta’en with equal thanks; and blest are those Whose blood and judgment are so well co-mingled That they are not a pipe in Fortune’s finger To sound what stop she please. Give me that man. That is not passion’s slave, and I will wear him In my heart’s core, ay in my heart of heart, As I do thee. ‘ (3. 253-73) Horatio is not passion’s slave – if passions, like Fortune, is personified, then it becomes a sort of ancient deity that chooses to blind humans and deny them all rational choice. To a certain extent, all other characters in the tragedy are to varying degree subject to their passions. Horatio by contrast is calm and stable; he is skeptical and rational, as can be seen from his encounter with the Ghost. If passion is a disease-like quality that Hamlet believes to be defectious, then Horatio exemplifies a pure and honourable person – honest by definition, since he does not allow passions to fool his conscience and justify any selfish means or aims. However the most important aspect highlighted by the Prince is Horatio’s philosophical understanding of life. The speech suggests Horatio is a follower of Stoicism, an ancient way of thinking developed once by the ancients and then revived by the great thinkers of the Renaissance. Founded by Xenon, (334-262b. c. ) the philosophy taught to discipline one’s behaviour according to one’s rational mind. Hamlet states that his ideal is such. However the prince himself is not ‘free’ or deprived of passions. The qualities he admires in Horatio are starkly different to the ones he himself displays in his very first monologue. He speaks of evil as ‘self-slaughter’ and cannot come to terms with things ‘rank and grosse in nature’ (1. 2) Hamlet is a man of many different moods and tempers; in this one speech he begins disgusted, grows more passionate in his hatred and it is not until the last two line of that speech when Hamlet says ‘I must hold my tongue’ and regains control of his emotions. It is clear the protagonist cannot remain unaffected when he sees evil’s manifestation in any form; his whole being actively protests and rejects amoral and dishonourable actions. Because of this, Hamlet’s ideal human nature that Shakespeare personifies through Horatio’s character remains, until the time comes at the end of the play, unlike Hamlet’s own. Preparing to fight Laertes, says to Horatio who is desperately trying to prevent the Prince from fencing, convinced he will lose: ‘There is special providence in the fall of a sparrow’ (5.2). This whole speech signifies the way Hamlet matures from admiring into exhibiting Stoic ideals, yet applying them in a more universal way than Horatio. Through hardship and experience Hamlet accepts Fate, but refuses to step aside and give up fighting for his cause. He takes Horatio’s logic and focus, acknowledges all the basis of the teachings of Stoicism, yet unites this with his burning desire to fight evil and restore justice. Horatio’s attempts to save Hamlet from death are doomed, because the protagonist believes the question about his own life has been decided, and thus no longer bothers him. A true Stoic does not fear death. Hamlet’s mysterious last words, uttered to Horatio, echo this: ‘†¦ the rest is silence’ (5. 2. 351) Furthermore, if at the beginning of the play Hamlet and Horatio lack the virtues of each other (Hamlet, unlike his friend, cannot distance himself from anxieties, whereas Horatio comes across as almost emotionally withdrawn), by the end different dimensions of both characters are revealed to us. Horatio, although still wise and composed, truly loves Hamlet. Realising the imminence of the Prince’s death, Horatio grabs the cup with the remaining poison, ready to follow his friend in death. Hamlet stops him and, on his deathbed, urges Horatio to remember the philosophy they both adored, and live by it: ‘If thou didst ever hold me in thy heart, Absent thee from felicity awhile, And in this harsh world draw thy breath in pain To tell my story. ‘ It is important that Hamlet hands over his secret to Horatio, trusting him to clear his name and justify his actions to posterity. Horatio obeys and we trust him to communicate the truth, restoring Hamlet’s innocence. Horatio’s character helps us to understand Hamlet better, to realise how the protagonist matures, and witness the best in him even as he lay dying. Shakespeare’s inclusion of Horatio and his relationship with Hamlet stresses the importance of nobility, dignity, felicity and other moral principles and virtues valued by the Ancient. And lastly, Horatio rules out a conclusive judgment concerning Hamlet’s death and his suffering, and tells of them as ‘carnal, bloody and unnatural acts’ ensuring the audience perceived those strong feelings too.